BANCROFT 
LIBRARY 

•0- 

THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


,16 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 

OFFICE  OF  THE  SECRETARY 


PROGRESS 

IN  THE 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  NATIONAL  PARKS 


BY 
STEPHEN  T.  MATHER 

ASSISTANT  TO  THE  SECRETARY  OF  THE  INTERIOR 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1916 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Informing  the  people 

Increased  travel  against  adverse  conditions 

Astonishing  increase  in  motor  travel 5 

Motor  revenues  for  park  improvement 

Congress  materially  helped . 6 

Cooperation  of  the  National  Geographic  Society 

Creation  of  the  National  Park  Service 7 

Two  new  national  parks 

National  parks  to  pay  their  own  way 

Wanted  :  Gateways  to  our  national  parks 9 

Yellowstone  National  Park 9 

What  has  been  accomplished  in  Yellowstone 9 

Automobiles  to  supplant  horses 10 

Rangers  take  the  place  of  soldiers 11 

Glacier  National  Park 

A  good  season  at  Glacier 11 

New  enterprises  planned 

Desirable  road  development 

Adequate  administration  buildings  needed 

Improved  roads  and  new  trails 14 

Plenty  of  trail  horses  hereafter 15 

Yosemite's  great  development 15 

Congressional  appropriations 17 

Mount  Rainier  developed 19 

Crater  Lake  prospects 22 

Sequoia  National  Park 23 

"  The  Greater  Sequoia  " 23 

General  Grant  National  Park 24 

Heavy  travel  to  Rocky  Mountain  National  Park 24 

The  Hot  Springs  Reservation 25 

Mesa  Verde  National  Park 26 

In  general 27 

Appendices 28 

National  parks  at  a  glance 28 

Statistics 30 

National-park  publications , 36 

Distributed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 36 

Sold  by  the  Superintendent  of  Documents 36 

Pamphlets 36 

Panoramic  views 38 

Maps  sold  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey 38 


ILLUSTEATION. 


Map  showing  location  of  National  parks  and  monuments 20 

2 


PROGRESS  IN  THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE 
NATIONAL  PARKS. 


By  STEPHEN  T.  MATHER. 


DEPARTMENT  Or  THE  INTERIOR, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  November  H,  1916. 

MY  DEAR  MR.  SECRETARY:  In  assigning  me,  among  other  things, 
the  duty  of  exercising  administrative  supervision  of  the  national 
parks  and  general  control  of  their  development  and  operation  as 
playgrounds  for  the  American  people,  you  expressed  your  firm  be- 
lief that  the  scenery  and  natural  features  of  scientific  interest  in 
these  parks  surpassed  those  of  any  other  country ;  and  you  cherished 
the  hope  that  they  should  become  the  objectives  of  American  tourist 
travel,  not  only  for  the  duration  of  the  great  European  war  but 
after  its  conclusion  and  the  restoration  of  peace. 

You  requested  me  to  make  every  effort  to  provide  accommodations 
in  the  national  parks  for  all  classes  of  visitors,  and  to  give  as  much 
attention  to  the  needs  of  the  tourist  with  a  small  income  as  to  those 
of  the  wealthy  visitor  accustomed  to  luxury.  You  were  particularly 
desirous  that  the  creature  comforts  of  all  park  visitors  be  provided 
and  that  every  precaution  be  taken  to  make  travel  on  all  roads  and 
trails  safe.  You  recognized  the  necessity  for  encouraging  travel 
to  the  parks  and  approved  plans  for  making  better  known  their 
beauty  and  grandeur.  You  regarded  the  national  parks  as  a  great 
economic  asset  which  had  theretofore  been  entirely  overlooked  by 
the  Federal  Government,  and  authorized  me  to  begin  their  develop- 
ment on  a  broad-gauge  scale. 

I  take  pleasure  in  advising  you  at  this  time  that  every  phase  of  this 
assignment  has  received  attention  and  that  much  has  been  accom- 
plished. The  results  that  I  have  to  report  are  gratifying,  and  demon- 
strate the  wisdom  of  undertaking  this  comprehensive  development. 
These  results  I  will  briefly  outline, 

3 


4  DEVELOPMENT  OF    THE   NATIONAL  PARKS. 

INFORMING  THE  PEOPLE, 

i  >i  r,  >i  < '  I , '        ' i  (>  ?i  <.)  1 1  (\  i 

Realizing  that  success  depends  ultimately  upon  public  support, 
and  knowing  that  the  people  were  surprisingly  ignorant  of  the 
extent,  variety,  magnificence,  and  economic  value  of  their  national 
parks,  I  early  inaugurated  an  earnest  campaign  of  public  education 
under  the  management  of  Robert  Sterling  Yard. 

To  this  end  the  information  circulars  wer,e  immediately  rewritten, 
reorganized,  and  distributed  under  a  new  and  effective  plan.  Last 
winter  a  descriptive  booklet  entitled  "  Glimpses  of  our  National 
Parks  "  was  written  by  Mr.  Yard  to  meet  special  educational  needs. 
The  astonishing  demand  that  immediately  developed  for  this  book 
assured  me  that  the  public  was  eager  for  the  facts. 

I  followed  this  in  the  early  summer  by  the  publication,  with  the 
financial  cooperation  of  17  western  railroads,  of  Mr.  Yard's  "Na- 
tional Parks  Portfolio,"  an  elaborately  illustrated  volume  written 
and  designed  for  the  purpose  of  differentiating  the  principal  national 
parks  and  presenting  an  adequate  pictorial  representation  of  each. 
An  edition  of  about  275,000  of  these  was  distributed  over  specially 
compiled  lists  and  reached  appreciative  hands.  Forty-three  thousand 
dollars  were  contributed  by  the  railroads  toward  the  cost  of  issuing 
these  portfolios,  and  this  sum  represented  only  a  small  part  of  the 
contributing  railroads'  total  expense  in  advertising  the  national  parks 
reached  by  their  respective  lines. 

In  addition  to  these  important  publications  many  hundreds  of 
photographs  were  collected  from  many  sources  and  distributed  to 
magazines  and  newspapers  desiring  to  publish  them,  and  facts  and 
figures  regarding  national  parks  were  furnished  freely  to  newspaper 
and  magazine  writers  who  sought  them  as  a  result  of  the  rapidly 
growing  public  interest  inspired  by  the  department.  All  of  this 
material  was  freely  offered  to  all  writers  and  periodicals  without 
discrimination,  and  was  followed  by  an  extraordinary  increase  in  the 
informative  periodical  literature  on  the  subject. 

A  result  of  this  educational  campaign  of  the  department,  rein- 
forced as  it  was  by  the  voluntary  activity  of  newspapers  and  maga- 
zines, was  the  stimulation  of  a  country-wide  interest  in  the  parks, 
which  brought  a  volume  of  requests  for  detailed  information  regard- 
ing them  and  a  demand  by  individuals,  associations,  and  schools  for 
photographs,  motion  pictures,  lantern  slides,  and  lectures,  which  the 
department  of  course  could  not  meet.  The  demand  for  the  loan  of 
motion-picture  films  and  lantern  slides  particularly  has  become  im- 
perious. It  is  increasing  rapidly  and  some  means  should  be  provided 
for  supplying  the  department  with  an  adequate  stock  of  this  educa- 
tional material  in  order  that  the  people  may  be  taught  the  purposes 


DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE   NATIONAL  PARKS.  5 

and  uses  of  their  national  parks  in  the  manner  for  which  they  them- 
selves express  so  plain  a  preference. 

INCEEASED  TKAVEL  AGAINST  ADVERSE  CONDITIONS. 

Under  the  stimulus  of  this  public  interest  it  was  expected,  in  the 
early  days  of  the  season  just  closed,  that  travel  to  the  parks  would  be 
heavy,  but  it  was  not  expected  to  equal  that  of  the  year  before,  which, 
with  the  lure  of  the  western  expositions,  had  been  phenomenal.  Re- 
ports from  the  parks,  however,  clearly  indicate  that  the  1916  travel 
not  only  did  not  fall  below  that  of  last  year,  but  actually  exceeded  it. 
Of  course,  the  travel  did  not  increase  in  every  park,  but  in  several 
parks.  In  Rocky  Mountain  National  Park,  for  example,  the  increases 
were  so  large  that  they  more  than  offset  the  decreases  in  other  reser- 
vations. 

However,  travel  to  all  of  the  parks  was  far  above  the  normal  of  the 
years  before  their  development  was  undertaken.  And  we  can  not 
refrain  from  conjecturing  how  much  heavier  it  would  have  been  had 
not  unforeseen  conditions  intervened  to  discourage  and  retard  travel 
in  all  sections  of  the  country.  These  conditions  were  the  very  late 
spring  and  the  threatened  railroad  strike.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
they  adversely  influenced  railroad  travel  to  the  parks. 

ASTONISHING  INCREASE  IN  MOTOR  TRAVEL. 

The  travel  that  was  less  seriously  affected  by  these  unfavorable 
weather  and  industrial  conditions  was  the  motor  travel.  It  deserves 
special  mention  here.  Last  season  12,563  cars  registered  at  the  por- 
tals of  the  various  parks,  and  this  year's  reports  show  that  19,848 
cars,  carrying  78,916  tourists,  passed  through  them  and  made  tours 
of  the  parks.  The  number  of  tourists  entering  the  parks  in  private 
cars  is  astonishing  when  one  takes  into  consideration  the  fact  that 
they  have  been  opened  to  motor  traffic  only  a  very  few  years  and 
that  one  of  the  larger  parks  has  only  been  open  a  season  and  a  half. 

This  tremendous  increase  in  automobile  travel  leads  to  one  con- 
clusion only,  and  that  is  that  in  the  early  future  travel  in  private 
machines  will  overtake  the  increasing  railroad  travel  and  constitute 
the  greater  portion  of  all  park  travel.  This  makes  it  incumbent  upon 
the  Federal  Government  to  prepare  for  the  great  influx  of  auto- 
mobiles by  constructing  new  roads  and  improving  existing  highways 
wherever  improvement  is  necessary. 

At  the  present  time  there  are  only  two  parks,  Yosemite  and  Yellow- 
stone, which  have  more  than  a  very  few  miles  of  highway  con- 
structed, and  they  have  naturally  enjoyed  the  largest  patronage  by 
motorists.  Much  remains  to  be  done,  however,  in  these  reservations, 


6  DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE   NATIONAL  PARKS. 

and  particularly  in  Yosemite,  where  roads  within  the  park  are  not  in 
any  way  comparable  with  the  State  highways  of  California. 

Much  has  been  done,  however,  to  encourage  motor  travel  to  these 
two  parks.  Automobile  maps  have  been  issued  under  the  direction 
of  the  Superintendent  of  National  Parks,  Mr.  R.  B.  Marshall,  show- 
ing clearly  all  hotels,  camps,  and  supply  stations,  as  well  as  roads  in 
the  parks.  These  also  give  information  as  to  the  roads  and  distances 
between  points  outside  of  their  boundaries.  For  instance,  the  map  of 
Yellowstone  Park  indicates  the  highways  leading  to  the  various 
entrances  of  the  park  from  the  States  of  Idaho,  Montana,  and 
Wyoming. 

MOTOR  REVENUES  FOR  PARK  IMPROVEMENT. 

Another  feature  of  motor  travel  deserving  mention  is  the  revenue 
that  is  derived  from  automobile  fees  for  park  purposes.  This  year 
$65,311  was  received  from  automobile  fees  as  against  $42,589  in  1915, 
and  $14,245  in  1914.  Vigorous  protests  have  been  made  against  this 
direct  tax  on  the  motorist,  but  it  must  be  maintained  until  larger 
appropriations  are  made  for  the  construction  and  maintenance  of 
roads  suitable  for  motor  traffic.  Perhaps  it  should  be  continued  in- 
definitely as  a  means  of  providing  funds  to  repair  the  natural  wear 
and  tear  on  roads  and  bridges,  the  deterioration  of  which  is  un- 
usually severe  where  they  are  used  extensively  by  motor  cars. 

Whatever  may  be  done  in  this  connection,  the  fact  remains  that 
American  motorists  are  intensely  interested  in  the  national  parks, 
are  visiting  them  in  ever  increasing  numbers,  and  are  contributing, 
by  way  of  automobile  fees  large  sums  of  money  toward  park  improve- 
ment and  administration.  They  have  the  right,  then,  to  expect  that 
the  Federal  Government  will  pursue  a  broad  policy  in  the  extension 
of  road  systems  in  the  several  parks,  and  that  they  shall  enjoy  all 
privileges  not  inconsistent  with  good  administration  of  the  parks' 
management  and  protection. 

Taking  everything  into  consideration,  no  policy  of  national-park 
management  has  yielded  more  thoroughly  gratifying  results  than 
that  which  guided  the  admission  of  motor- driven  vehicles  to  the  use 
of  the  roads  of  all  of  the  parks. 

CONGRESS  MATERIALLY  HELPED. 

It  is  natural  and  fitting  that  the  rapidly  increasing  interest  in 
national  parks  on  the  part  of  the  people  should  favorably  affect  the 
attitude  of  Congress  toward  them.  Appropriations  for  their  im- 
provement and  protection  for  the  current  fiscal  year  were  consider- 
ably larger  than  those  of  previous  years,  $511,300  for  1917  being 
appropriated  as  against  $252,550  for  the  fiscal  year  1916  and  $283,590 


DEVELOPMENT   OF    THE    NATIONAL   PAKKS.  7 

for  1915.  For  the  first  time  also  funds  have  been  provided  for  the 
care  and  protection  of  the  national  monuments  under  the  Interior 
Department,  many  of  which  have  scenic  as  well  as  historical  value. 
Twenty-one  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  was  appropriated  for  the 
fiscal  year  1917. 

COOPERATION  OF  THE  NATIONAL  GEOGRAPHIC  SOCIETY. 

Recognition  has  also  been  given  for  the  first  time  to  the  danger  of 
destruction  which  has  threatened  most  of  the  largest  and  noblest 
trees  in  the  world,  the  Big  Trees  (Sequoia  w  ashing  toniana)  of 
Sequoia  National  Park.  These  Big  Trees  stand  on  land  patented  to 
citizens  of  California  before  the  creation  of  park,  and  can  be 
destroyed  at  any  time  by  their  owners.  The  sundry  civil  act  of  July 
1,  1916,  which  carries  all  national  park  appropriations  for  the  cur- 
rent fiscal  year,  contains  a  provision  making  available  the  sum  of 
$50,000  for  the  purchase  of  the  private  holdings  on  which  these 
splendid  trees  are  growing.  Negotiations  with  the  owners  of  these 
lands  in  the  Giant  Forest,  which  this  section  of  the  park  is  called, 
disclosed  the  inadequacy  of  this  appropriation  to  effect  their  pur- 
chase. Seventy  thousand  dollars  was  demanded  for  all  of  these  hold- 
ings and  all  other  holdings  of  the  same  interests,  and  no  tract  could 
be  purchased  unless  all  of  the  properties  were  included  in  the 
transaction. 

The  outlook  for  the  perpetual  preservation  of  the  Giant  Forest  was 
growing  dark  when  cooperation  in  the  safeguarding  of  the  forest  was 
tendered  by  the  National  Geographic  Society.  On  November  10  the 
board  of  managers  of  the  society  arranged  to  apply  $20,000  of  the 
funds  of  their  organization  to  cover  the  difference  between  the  pur- 
chase price  of  the  forest  land  and  the  congressional  appropriation; 
and  by  this  generous  action  we  are  now  able  to  extinguish  the  largest 
private  ownership  of  the  great  trees  of  the  park  and  insure  their 
preservation  for  our  generation  and  for  posterity.  The  holdings 
purchased  with  this  additional  fund  will  be  donated  to  the  Federal 
Government.  The  members  of  the  National  Geographic  Society  may 
justly  be  proud  of  their  participation  in  this  national  enterprise. 
Their  contribution  marks  an  important  step  in  the  progress  of  the 
science  of  geography,  a  science  which  has  received  such  a  tremendous 
stimulus  through  the  activities  of  the  society. 

CREATION  OF  THE  NATIONAL  PARK  SERVICE. 

The  special  legislation  of  greatest  importance  was  the  passage  of 
the  national  park  service  bill,  providing  for  the  establishment  of  a 
bureau  in  Washington  to  administer  as  a  properly  coordinated  sys- 
tem all  of  the  national  parks  and  the  national  monuments  under  the 


8  DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE   NATIONAL  PARKS. 

jurisdiction  of  the  Interior  Department.  This  substitutes  efficiency 
for  the  former  haphazard  consideration  of  each  separate  park  by  a 
small  force  in  the  office  of  the  chief  clerk  of  the  department,  already 
burdened  with  numerous  other  important  duties. 

This  measure  provides  for  the  appointment  of  a  director  and  as- 
sistant director  as  the  executive  officers  of  the  bureau  and  a  small 
corps  of  clerks,  stenographers,  etc.,  all  charged  with  the  perform- 
ance of  duties  relating  solely  to  the  administration  and  supervision 
of  the  national  park  system.  It  is  an  important  step  forward  which 
renders  possible  the  realization  of  the  manifest  destiny  of  our  na- 
tional parks  as  one  economic  asset 

TWO  NEW  NATIONAL  PARKS. 

Next  in  importance  may  be  mentioned  the  creation  of  the  new 
Lassen  Volcanic  National  Park  in  California,  and  the  Hawaii  Na- 
tional Park  which  embraces  the  craters  of  the  three  great  volcanoes, 
Kilauea,  Mauna  Loa,  and  Haleakala,  on  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 

A  bill  providing  the  creation  of  Mount  McKinley  National  Park 
in  Alaska  passed  the  Senate,  and  is  now  pending  in  the  House  of 
Representatives,  and  a  bill  providing  for  the  extension  of  the  bound- 
aries of  the  Rocky  Mountain  National  Park  to  include  a  number  of 
natural  features  possessing  unusual  scenic  value  passed  the  House 
of  Representatives,  and  is  now  awaiting  consideration  in  the  Senate. 

Three  other  bills  placed  on  the  statute  books  by  the  Sixty-fourth 
Congress  relate  to  Federal  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  Yellowstone, 
Mount  Rainier,  and  Crater  Lake  National  Parks.  A  defect  in  the 
act  of  May  7,  1894,  relating  to  the  punishment  of  misdemeanors  in 
the  Yellowstone  National  Park,  was  corrected.  Exclusive  jurisdic- 
tion of  Mount  Rainier  and  Crater  Lake  National  Parks  had  pre- 
viously been  ceded  to  the  Federal  Government,  and  by  the  act  of 
June  30,  1916,  and  the  act  of  August  21,  1916,  respectively,  the 
tendered  jurisdiction  of  these  parks  was  accepted  and  provision  made 
for  United  States  commissioners  to  punish  violations  of  the  Federal 
laws,  rules,  and  regulations  of  the  respective  parks. 

These  laws  are  important  because  they  give  the  Government  better 
control  of  the  three  parks  involved  and  assure  their  better  protection 
from  depredations.  Cession  of  jurisdiction  over  Yosemite,  Sequoia, 
General  Grant,  and  Lassen  Volcanic  Parks  in  California  and  Mesa 
Verde  and  Rocky  Mountain  National  Parks  in  Colorado  to  the 
Federal  Government  is  earnestly  recommended,  and  steps  should  be 
taken  to  secure  the  passage  of  measures  designed  to  accomplish  this 
purpose  by  the  Legislatures  of  California  and  Colorado. 


DEVELOPMENT   OF    THE    NATIONAL   PARKS.  9 

NATIONAL  PARKS  TO  PAY  THEIR  OWN  WAY. 

It  has  been  your  desire  that  ultimately  the  revenues  of  the  several 
parks  might  be  sufficient  to  cover  the  costs  of  their  administration 
and  protection  and  that  Congress  should  only  be  requested  to  appro- 
priate funds  for  their  improvement.  It  appears  that  at  least  five 
parks  now  have  a  proven  earning  capacity  sufficiently  large  to  make 
their  operation  on  this  basis  feasible  and  practicable.  They  are 
Yellowstone,  Yosemite,  Mount  Rainier,  Sequoia,  and  General  Grant. 
Accordingly  estimates  have  only  been  submitted  to  Congress  for  ap- 
propriations for  improvements  of  these  parks. 

The  revenues  of  Eocky  Mountain,  Mesa  Verde,  Crater  Lake,  and 
the  new  Lassen  Volcanic  Parks  are  covered  into  the  miscellaneous 
receipts  of  the  Federal  Treasury.  Legislation  providing  for  the 
use  of  the  revenues  of  these  parks  in  their  improvement  or  for 
administrative  purposes  is  earnestly  recommended. 

WANTED:  GATEWAYS  TO  OUR  NATIONAL  PARKS. 

Many  of  the  parks  should  have  gateways  to  mark  their  boundaries. 
These  gateways  should  be  simple,  dignified,  and  in  complete  harmony 
with  their  environments.  They  should  not  be  costly  structures  and 
should  be  erected  if  possible  before  next  season.  Gateways  already 
constructed  at  the  northern  entrance  to  Yellowstone  and  the  south- 
western entrance  to  Mount  Rainier  are  most  impressive,  and  it  is 
with  a  thrill  of  pride  in  our  great  national  playgrounds  that  the 
average  visitor  passes  through  these  gates  and  beneath  the  Stars  and 
Stripes  waving  over  them. 

Proceeding  to  a  review  of  the  1916  season  in  the  several  parks, 
Yellowstone  National  Park  will  first  be  considered. 

YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

WHAT  HAS  BEEN  ACCOMPLISHED  IN  YELLOWSTONE. 

For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  park,  tourists  were  carried 
to  three  of  the  gateways,  each  by  a  different  railroad.  The  new 
entrance  is  the  Cody  or  eastern  entrance.  It  offers  a  full  day's  ride 
through  remarkable  natural  scenery  and  past  the  great  Shoshone 
Dam,  second  highest  in  the  world.  To  accomplish  this,  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad  operated  a  special  summer-train  serv- 
ice to  Cody,  Wyo.,  and  spent  money  in  large  sums  in  promoting  this 
gateway.  The  service  was  largely  experimental,  but  it  was  eminently 
satisfactory,  and  the  Burlington  route  is  to  be  congratulated  on  its 
successful  enterprise. 
69006°— 16 2 


10  DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE    NATIONAL  PABKS. 

From  the  railroad  terminus  the  Cody- Sylvan  Pass  Motor  Co. 
transported  tourists  to  the  Lake  Hotel  in  the  park,  where  they  "were 
transferred  to  horse-drawn  stages  operating  on  the  park  "circle." 

Still  a  fourth  entrance,  that  on  the  south,  is  planned.  It  is  my  hope 
that  it  will  be  opened  for  regular  tourist  travel  by  next  season.  This 
gateway  will  afford  an  unsurpassed  opportunity  to  view  the  Teton 
Mountains,  Jackson  Lake,  and  the  other  distinguished  features  of 
Jackson  Hole.  The  railroad  terminus  nearest  this  entrance  to  the 
park  is  the  town  of  Victor  on  the  Oregon  Short  Line.  When  roads 
now  building  are  completed,  travel  by  private  motor  car  through 
Jackson  Hole  and  the  southern  entrance  will  be  heavy  indeed. 

Automobile  travel  in  Yellowstone  Park  was  very  heavy  during  the 
season  which  has  just  closed;  3,445  automobiles,  carrying  14,980 
tourists,  entered  and  toured  the  park.  The  majority  of  these  visitors 
patronized  the  hotels  and  camps,  thus  materially  augmenting  the 
revenues  of  these  enterprises  in  a  season  when  their  income  from 
regular  sources  was  considerably  reduced  by  special  conditions.  To 
accommodate  those  motorists  who  carried  their  own  camp  equipment, 
four  large  automobile  shelter  camps  were  established  near  the  prin- 
cipal points  of  interest  in  the  park. 

AUTOMOBILES  TO  SUPPLANT  HORSES. 

Because  the  stage  horses  on  the  belt-line  road  were  unaccustomed 
to  automobiles  it  has  been  necessary  to  operate  both  horse-drawn 
and  motor-driven  vehicles  on  schedules  that  prevented  the  two  types 
of  traffic  from  meeting  anywhere  in  the  park.  This  was  somewhat 
cumbersome  and  caused  some  inconvenience,  but  the  schedule  was  a 
very  reasonable  one  and  was  generally  obeyed  implicitly.  The  time 
has  come  now,  however,  when  all  transportation  lines  in  the  park 
must  be  motorized,  and  steps  are  to  be  taken  at  once  to  bring  the 
change  around. 

I  have  no  doubt  that  the  antiquated  method  of  handling  tourists 
in  Yellowstone  National  Park  was  responsible  in  part  for  the  great 
reduction  in  railroad  travel  there  this  season.  Visitors  have  always 
been  rushed  through  Yellowstone,  with  no  encouragement  whatever 
to  spend  vacation  periods  in  the  park.  Neither  have  facilities  for 
making  long  stays  pleasant  been  provided,  although  splendid  hotels, 
with  every  modern  convenience,  are  operated  each  season.  Golf 
links,  tennis  courts,  swimming  pools,  and  other  equipment  for  out- 
door pastime  and  exercise  should  be  provided  by  concessions,  and 
the  park  should  be  extensively  advertised  as  a  place  to  spend  the 
summer  instead  of  five  or  six  days  of  hurried  sight-seeing  under 
constant  pressure  to  keep  moving.  Trail  trips  into  out-of-the-way 
parts  of  the  park  should  be  developed.  When  tourists  have  the  op- 
portunity to  enjoy  Yellowstone  National  Park  under  different  con- 


DEVELOPMENT   OF   THE    NATIONAL  PARKS.  11 

ditions  than  now  they  will  want  to  return  year  after  year.  There  is 
no  national  park  better  suited  by  nature  for  spending  leisurely  va- 
cations. 

BANGERS  TAKE  THE  PLACE  OF  SOLDIERS. 

On  October  1  Fort  Yellowstone,  at  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  was 
abandoned  by  the  War  Department  and  the  troops  which  for  many 
years  have  been  guarding  the  park  were  withdrawn  and  sent  back  to 
their  regiments.  The  Interior  Department  sanctioned  the  removal 
of  this  detachment  upon  the  representation  by  the  War  Department 
that  its  members  were  needed  in  their  own  regiments.  A  corps  of 
civilian  rangers  composed  of  especially  selected  noncommissioned 
officers  and  privates,  discharged  from  the  Army  upon  request  of  this 
department,  was  organized,  and  these  men  are  now  policing  the  park. 

The  National  Park  Service  could  not  have  taken  over  the  ad- 
ministration and  protection  of  this  park  had  it  not  been  able  to 
rely  on  its  revenue  fund  to  finance  the  transfer  of  guardianship.  The 
revenues  of  the  park  for  the  1916  season  were  approximately  $60,000, 
of  which  slightly  less  than  half  were  derived  from  automobile  fees. 
Last  year  the  total  revenues  were  $44,713.  These  figures  clearly  in- 
dicate that  only  appropriations  for  improvements  and  new  works 
will  be  necessary  hereafter. 

Col.  Lloyd  M.  Brett,  the  commandant  at  Fort  Yellowstone, 
finished  on  September  30  six  years  of  loyal  and  unselfish  service  as 
acting  supervisor  of  the  park.  In  this  position  he  performed  duties 
most  important  to  the  Nation  at  large,  and  he  can  not  be  too  highly 
commended  for  the  success  of  his  administration. 

Road  construction  and  improvement  in  Yellowstone  Park  will 
remain  in  charge  of  the  Engineer  Corps  of  the  Army,  but  it  is 
believed  that  the  general  supervision  of  these  improvements  should 
be  exercised  by  the  National  Park  Service.  In  view  of  the  fact  that 
the  roads  in  the  park  are  being  built  for  the  department,  some 
voice  should  be  had  by  us  in  planning  these  improvements. 

Before  the  opening  of  the  1917  season  gateways  should  be  erected 
at  the  Yellowstone  or  western  entrance,  Cody  or  eastern  entrance, 
and  Snake  River  or  southern  entrance.  At  the  present  time  there 
is  nothing  better  than  a  post  or  two  containing  a  multitude  of 
printed  and  typewritten  notices  to  mark  these  points  of  ingress  and 
egress  to  the  largest  and  best-known  park  in  the  Nation. 

GLACIER  NATIONAL  PARK. 

A  GOOD  SEASON  AT  GLACIER. 

While  there  were  a  few  less  visitors  to  Glacier  National  Park  dur- 
ing the  season  of  1916  than  during  that  of  1915,  the  average  time 
spent  by  the  individual  tourists  in  the  park  was  considerably  longer 


12  DEVELOPMENT   OF    THE   NATIONAL  PAEKS. 

than  his  average  stay  in  previous  years.  Indeed  the  average  period 
spent  in  touring  this  park  this  year  was  probably  as  long  as  the 
average  stay  of  tourists  in  any  other  national  park. 

It  is  also  significant  that  numerous  visitors  were  men  and  women 
who  had  spent  one  or  more  previous  seasons  within  its  boundaries. 
Several  of  them  had  spent  in  the  park  part  of  every  summer  since  its 
creation,  and  I  know  of  one  or  two  parties  who  have  made  as  many 
as  11  visits  to  this  wonderful  scenic  reservation. 

Glacier,  therefore,  was  a  very  popular  park  this  past  season,  and 
its  popularity  was  of  the  sort  that  endures  and  grows  with  the  years. 
It  is  this  sort  of  popularity  that  every  park  should  enjoy.  Others, 
Rocky  Mountain,  Mount  Rainier,  and  Yosemite,  particularly,  enjoy  a 
similar  popularity,  but  it  is  not  quite  so  genuine  as  Glacier's  popu- 
larity seems  to  be.  Of  course,  accommodations  for  the  care  of  the 
tourist  in  Glacier  Park  have  been  the  most  potent  factor  in  in- 
fluencing this  growth  of  popular  sentiment. 

Previous  to  this  season  hotel  and  camp  accommodations  were  ade- 
quate in  just  two  parks,  Yellowstone  and  Glacier,  and  I  have  already 
explained  that  no  effort  has  ever  been  made  to  encourage  visitors  to 
return  year  after  year  to  Yellowstone. 

Glacier,  then,  at  the  beginning  of  this  season  had  on  the  east  side 
of  the  Continental  Divide  the  splendid  new  Glacier  Park  Hotel  and 
Many  Glaciers  Hotel,  five  inviting  chalets,  and  several  tepee  camps, 
all  owned  and  operated  by  the  Glacier  Park  Hotel  Co.,  under  the 
efficient  management  of  Mr.  Howard  A.  Noble ;  and  on  the  west  side 
of  the  divide  there  were  two  more  chalets  belonging  to  the  east  side 
system  and  Mr.  John  E.  Lewis's  hotel  on  Lake  McDonald,  ideally 
situated,  unique  in  sylvan  architecture,  and  first  class  in  all  its 
appointments. 

NEW  ENTERPRISES  PLANNED. 

The  faith  of  the  Glacier  Park  Hotel  Co.  and  of  Mr.  Lewis  in  the 
genuineness  of  the  popularity  of  the  park  and  its  consequent  growth 
in  tourist  travel  is  convincingly  illustrated  by  their  plans  for  ex- 
tensive improvements  in  their  properties  and  the  construction  of  new 
hotels  and  chalet  groups.  I  am  informed  by  officers  of  the  Glacier 
Park  Hotel  Co.  that  it  contemplates  the  construction  of  a  fine  new 
hotel  in  the  beautiful  Red  Eagle  country,  provided  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment will  construct  a  road  up  the  valley  to  make  this  hotel  acces- 
sible. Such  a  road  should  be  built  in  the  near  future.  The  hotel 
company  also  plans  extensive  improvements  in  its  Going-to-the-Sun 
Chalet  group  on  Lake  St.  Mary,  and  further  additions  to  its  Lake 
McDermott  enterprises. 

On  the  other  side  of  the  park  Mr.  Lewis  has  already  initiated  con- 
struction work  on  a  large  addition  to  his  Lake  McDonald  Hotel,  and 


DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE   NATIONAL   PAEKS.    -  13 

has  intimated  that  he  may  seek  the  privilege  of  erecting  a  camp  or 
chalet  group  on  Bowman  Lake,  one  of  the  very  large  lakes  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  the  park.  This  section  of  extraordinary  beauty 
is  terra  incognita  to  all  but  a  relatively  few  venturesome  visitors  who 
have  made  extensive  trail  trips  with  their  own  camp  equipment. 
Should  Bowman  Lake  be  provided  with  tourist  accommodations  it 
would  become  the  fifth  extensively  developed  lake  of  the  park.  The 
four  already  developed  are  Lakes  St.  Mary,  McDermott,  McDonald, 
and  Two  Medicine. 

DESIRABLE  ROAD  DEVELOPMENT. 

Another  large  lake  that  should  have  attention  in  the  early  future 
by  the  Federal  Government  and  by  business  enterprise  is  Waterton 
Lake,  which  lies  on  the  international  boundary  and  in  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  valleys  of  Glacier  Park.  This  valley  extends  on  through 
Waterton  Lakes  Park,  Canada,  which  joins  Glacier  Park  on  the 
nprth.  A  road  should  be  constructed  up  the  McDonald  Kiver  Valley 
over  Flattop  and  down  the  Waterton  Valley  to  the  lake.  Ulti- 
mately such  a  road  would  give  direct  access  to  Banff  and  the  Canadian 
Eockies,  through  marvelously  beautiful  sections  of  our  own  Ameri- 
can Rockies.  There  would  be  no  difficult  passes  to  negotiate  in  con- 
structing this  road  and  grades  would  be  very  low. 

The  first  link  in  this  road  should  be  built  at  once  on  the  east  shore 
of  Lake  McDonald.  This  section  of  the  highway  would  also  con- 
stitute the  first  link  in  a  road  over  the  Continental  Divide  connect- 
ing the  road  systems  of  the  two  sides  of  the  park.  Both  the  Water- 
ton  Lake  road  and  the  road  across  the  divide  are  necessary  exten- 
sions of  the  park  highway  system  and  ultimately  must  be  built. 

In  addition  to  being  the  first  link  in  both  roads,  the  Lake  Mc- 
Donald highway  would  give  access  to  the  hotel  at  the  head  of  the 
lake,  and  give  the  motorist  the  opportunity  to  avail  himself  of  ac- 
commodations and  supplies.  Citizens  of  Kalispell,  Missoula,  Colum- 
bia Falls,  and  other  Montana  cities  have  spent  many  thousands  of 
dollars  in  bringing  their  highway  system  up  to  the  western  boun- 
dary, and  yet  these  citizens,  as  well  as  visitors  from  other  States, 
can  enter  only  3  miles  into  the  park  to  a  point  where  there  are 
neither  hotel  accommodations  for  themselves  nor  shelter  for  their 
cars. 

ADEQUATE  ADMINISTRATION  BUILDINGS  NEEDED. 

In  connection  with  this  proposed  road  and  other  developments  on 
the  west  side  of  the  park,  there  should  be  mentioned  the  immediate 
need  of  a  new  bridge  over  the  Flathead  River  at  Belton,  and  new 
administration  buildings  at  a  point  readily  accessible  to  all  visitors 
to  the  park.  The  present  bridge  over  the  Flathead  is  unsafe,  and 


14  DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE   NATIONAL  PARKS. 

last  winter  it  narrowly  escaped  total  destruction  by  high  water. 
During  the  winter  that  is  approaching  it  may  be  carried  down  the 
river. 

The  headquarters  of  the  park  are  now  hidden  in  the  woods  on  the 
southwest  shore  of  Lake  McDonald,  and  are  wholly  unknown  to 
nine-tenths  of  the  park  visitors.  There  should  also  be  mentioned 
the  desirability  of  preserving  the  trees  on  the  patented  lands  over 
which  the  Belton-Lake  McDonald  road  is  built.  It  is  a  beautiful 
highway,  broad,  straight,  and  well-constructed  through  a  dense 
forest.  If  the  trees  that  border  it  are  destroyed  the  scenic  value  of 
the  road  will  be  gone. 

I  made  a  proposition  while  in  the  park  in  September  that  will  make 
possible  the  construction  of  the  new  bridge,  the  removal  of  the  park 
headquarters  to  a  desirable  site  near  the  south  boundary,  and  the 
perpetual  preservation  of  a  strip  of  forest  on  both  sides  of  the 
Belton-Lake  McDonald  road;  and  it  was  agreed  to  by  the  county 
officers  and  owners  of  patented  land  in  the  park  with  whom  I  dis- 
cussed it.  Briefly  the  proposition  was  as  follows : 

I  will  purchase  a  tract  of  160  acres  on  the  Flathead  River,  directly 
across  the  river  from  Belton,  and  donate  it  to  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment for  an  administrative  site.  Mr.  John  E.  Lewis,  who  is  the 
owner  of  an  adjoining  tract  of  160  acres,  will  donate  this  land  and 
secure  his  partner's  agreement  to  guarantee  perpetual  preservation  of 
a  strip  of  timber  on  both  sides  of  the  Belton-Lake  McDonald  road. 
Flathead  County,  Mont.,  will  contribute  $10,000  toward  the  construc- 
tion of  the  new  bridge,  and  citizens  of  the  county  will  subscribe  at 
least  $5,000  to  the  same  end,  all  provided  that  Congress  acts  favorably 
on  the  following  estimates,  which  I  agreed  to  recommend  that  you 
submit  for  consideration:  $50,000  for  a  road  along  the  east  shore 
of  Lake  McDonald ;  $25,000  to  complete  the  construction  of  the  new 
bridge;  and  $10,000  for  new  administrative  buildings  and  park 
entrance  on  the  site  to  be  donated  by  me. 

Your  approval  has  also  been  given  to  this  proposition,  and  if  Con- 
gress appropriates  the  funds  to  make  this  development  possible,  it 
will  be  completed  within  a  year  from  date  of  this  writing. 

IMPROVED  ROADS  AND  NEW  TRAILS. 

The  appropriation  of  $110,000  for  the  protection  and  improvement 
of  Glacier  Park  which  was  contained  in -the  last  sundry  civil  bill  has 
enabled  us  to  greatly  improve  the  roads  on  the  east  side  of  the  park, 
particularly  the  road  in  the  Blackfeet  Indian  Reservation  between 
Glacier  Park  Station  and  Divide  Creek.  Nearly  $45,000  has  been 
spent  on  this  section  during  the  past  season. 

It  has  also  made  possible  the  construction  of  several  new  trails. 
Among  these  new  trails  are  the  Grinnell  Glacier  trail  and  the  new 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  NATIONAL  PARKS.  15 

trail  between  the  Glacier  Hotel  and  Avalanche  Creek.  The  latter 
trail  will  be  extended  to  Granite  Park  next  spring  and  when  com- 
pleted will  be  one  of  the  most  scenic  trails  in  the  park  system. 
Shelter  cabins  of  attractive  design  are  also  under  construction  at 
Triple  Divide,  Red  Eagle  Lake,  Piegan  Pass,  and  Iceberg  Lake,  and 
next  season  will  welcome  the  hiker  and  other  trail  travelers  when 
storms  overtake  them  or  when  they  find  it  desirable  to  break  their 
trips  for  other  purposes. 

An  elaborate  trail  sign  system  is  also  being  installed  for  the  benefit 
of  the  hiker  and  independent  tourist  who  chooses  to  ride  over  the 
trails  without  guide  service.  A  trail  map  of  the  park  is  in  contem- 
plation as  a  further  aid  to  the  lover  of  the  trails. 

PLENTY  OF  TRAIL  HORSES  HEREAFTER. 

During  the  season  of  1916  there  was  a  shortage  of  horses  for  trail 
service  and  many  complaints  have  been  filed  against  the  saddle-horse 
concessioner  on  this  account.  I  have  already  stipulated  a  basis  for 
the  reorganization  of  this  corporation  which  I  am  convinced  will 
enable  it  to  give  saddle-horse  service  next  season  which  will  be 
entirely  satisfactorj^.  A  new  contract  covering  a  10-year  concession 
will  provide  that  25  per  cent  of  the  net  profits  of  the  enterprise  will 
constitute  for  the  first  three  years  of  the  term  the  consideration  due 
the  Government  for  the  franchise  granted,  and  that  50  per  cent  of 
the  profits  shall  be  the  Government's  share  thereafter. 

This  contract  in  a  sense  will  make  the  department  a  partner  in 
the  saddle-horse  enterprise,  and  I  have  already  indicated  the  depart- 
ment's interest  in  its  success  from  the  business  point  of  view  as  well 
as  the  point  of  view  of  public  service  to  the  park,  by  arranging  with 
the  Indian  Office  for  the  lease  of  Indian  lands  in  the  Blackf eet  Reser- 
vation for  horse  pasturage,  and  for  the  purchase  of  hay  and  even 
horses  from  the  Indians.  Should  these  arrangements  be  consum- 
mated the  tourist,  the  park-revenue  fund,  the  Blackfeet  Indians,  and 
the  saddle-horse  concessioner  will  all  derive  a  full  measure  of  benefit 
from  the  successful  operation  of  the  enterprise. 

YOSEMITE'S  GREAT  DEVELOPMENT. 

A  survey  of  the  1916  season  in  Yosemite  National  Park  quickly 
and  clearly  defines  three  heads  under  which  its  development  may  be 
discussed.  These  are,  first,  new  contracts  covering  large  public- 
service  concessions;  second,  increased  Federal  appropriations  for 
improvement  and  protection  of  the  park;  third,  removal  of  restric- 
tions on  motor  travel. 

For  many  years  the  department  unsuccessfully  endeavored  to 
induce  parties  with  capital  to  undertake  the  construction  of  new 


16  DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE   NATIONAL  PARKS. 

hotels  in  the  park,  particularly  on  the  floor  of  the  valley.  No  indi- 
vidual or  corporation  could  be  interested  in  the  park,  and  its  future 
at  the  opening  of  the  exposition  season  was  dark  indeed.  Then  D. 
J.  Desmond,  of  San  Francisco,  general  commissary  contractor  op- 
erating in  all  sections  of  the  State,  a  young  man  already  successful 
in  business,  a  man  of  vision  and  immense  energy,  had  the  situation 
in  the  Yosemite  brought  to  his  attention.  He  saw  its  opportunities, 
and  applied  for  a  comprehensive  concession  covering  the  operation 
of  hotel,  camps,  transportation  service,  stores,  garages,  etc. 

This  application  was  not  granted  to  him  at  that  time,  but  he  was 
permitted  to  install  and  operate  a  new  camp  during  the  1916  season 
with  the  understanding  that  if  he  rendered  good  service  in  his  camp 
he  would  have  a  long-time  concession.  He  built  and  operated  the 
Yosemite  Falls  Camp  and  gave  his  guests  service  of  a  high  order. 
He  more  than  met  the  conditions.  Accordingly  the  department  en- 
tered into  contracts  with  the  Desmond  Park  Service  Co.,  of  which 
Mr.  Desmond  is  president,  covering  the  following :  The  erection  of  a 
hotel  on  the  floor  of  the  valley  to  cost  not  less  than  $150,000;  and 
another  hotel  at  Glacier  Point  to  cost  approximately  $35,000 ;  camps 
on  the  floor  of  the  valley ;  lodges  at  various  points  in  the  higher  parts 
of  the  park  and  along  the  Tioga  Road,  which  crosses  the  park  at 
some  distance  from  the  rim  of  the  gorge ;  the  installation  and  opera- 
tion of  automobile  transportation  on  all  the  roads  of  the  park  open 
to  motor  travel;  the  operation  of  trail  transportation,  and  the  con- 
struction and  operation  of  stores,  garages,  etc. 

The  privileges  granted  in  these  contracts  by  their  terms  are  to  be 
exercised  for  a  period  of  20  years,  and  the  department  in  considera- 
tion of  granting  these  concessions  receives  annually  during  the  first 
two  years  of  the  life  of  the  contract  25  per  cent  of  the  net  profits  of 
the  enterprise,  and  thereafter  50  per  cent  of  the  net  profit.  The  net 
profit  of  the  company  is  determined  by  deducting  from  the  gross 
income  6  per  cent  on  money  invested  in  the  enterprise,  depreciation 
of  equipment,  buildings,  etc.,  and  expenses  of  operation  such  as  sala- 
ries, advertising,  and  insurance.  It  is  provided,  however,  that,  if 
this  profit-sharing  clause  operates  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  depart- 
ment, it  may  elect  at  the  end  of  two  years  to  take  4  per  cent  of  the 
gross  income  of  the  company  instead  of  a  share  of  the  net  profits. 

Under  this  contract  the  Desmond  Park  Service  Co.  erected,  prior  to 
the  opening  of  the  1916  season,  two  camps  on  the  floor  of  the  valley, 
the  Yosemite  Falls  Camp  and  the  El  Capitan  Camp,  and  operated 
them  during  the  season ;  also  the  Glacier  Point  hotel  camp,  and  three 
new  lodges  at  Lake  Tenaya,  Tuolumne  Meadows,  and  Lake  Merced ; 
all  of  which  proved  popular  because  of  the  excellent  accommodations 
and  service  rendered.  New  automobile  stage  service  was  established 


DEVELOPMENT   OF   THE   NATIONAL   PARKS.  17 

during  the  season  on  the  Mariposa  and  Chinquapin  roads  south  of 
the  valley,  and  on  the  Tioga  road  and  Big  Oak  Flat  road,  as  well  as 
on  the  floor  of  the  valley  itself. 

Furthermore,  construction  work  on  the  new  hotel  at  Glacier  Point 
was  undertaken  and  is  now  nearing  completion.  On  the  4th  of  July 
ground  was  broken  for  the  new  hotel  on  the  floor  of  the  valley,  and 
it  is  now  in  the  course  of  erection.  This  building  will  be  ready  for 
the  1918  tourist  season. 

This  outline  of  what  the  Desmond  Park  Service  Co.  has  already 
accomplished  and  has  under  way  should  leave  no  doubt  in  the  mind  of 
anyone  that  Yosemite  National  Park  is  well  provided  with  excellent 
accommodations  for  its  visitors  and  that  more  and  finer  accommo- 
dations and  highest-class  hotel  service  are  still  to  come. 

Camp  Curry,  Camp  Ahwahnee,  and  Camp  Lost  Arrow,  long  estab- 
lished in  the  Yosemite  Valley,  were  operated  this  season  under  their 
managements  of  former  years. 

CONGRESSIONAL  APPROPRIATIONS. 

Congress  made  a  more  liberal  appropriation  for  Yosemite  National 
Park  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1917,  than  for  any  previous 
period.  This  appropriation  made  available  $250,000  for  protection 
and, improvement  of  the  park.  It  was  provided,  however,  that  not 
more  than  $150,000  might  be  expended  in  the  construction  of  a  new 
hydroelectric  power  plant,  and  not  more  than  $75,000  in  regrading 
the  El  Portal  road.  There  was  nothing  specifically  appropriated  for 
other  roads  in  the  park,  but  they  were  improved  with  revenue  de- 
rived from  concessions  granted,  automobile  license  fees,  and  from 
miscellaneous  sources. 

The  new  hydroelectric  power  plant  was  an  absolute  necessity  in 
view  of  the  increasing  demands  for  power,  light,  and  heat  for  the 
park  concessioners,  and  it  was  desirable  that  this  demand  be  met  by 
the  Government  because  the  sale  of  electric  current  meant  a  substan- 
tial revenue  for  the  park.  During  the  summer  of  1913  the  late  Mr. 
Henry  Floy,  electrical  engineer,  of  New  York,  and  sometime  in- 
spector of  the  Interior  Department,  made  a  careful  study  of  this 
hydroelectric  power  project,  and  it  was  largely  his  able  presentation 
of  the  results  of  his  study  of  this  project  before  the  Committee  on 
Appropriations  that  gained  for  it  favorable  consideration.  The  new 
plant  is  now  in  the  course  of  construction. 

In  general  it  may  be  said  that  power  plants,  water  and  sanitation 
systems,  and  telephone  lines  in  national  parks  should  be  owned  and 
controlled  by  the  Government.  Their  construction  by  the  Govern- 
ment relieves  the  concessioner  from  the  necessity  of  investing  in  these 
69006°— 16 3 


18  DEVELOPMENT   OF   THE   NATIONAL  PARKS. 

highly  essential  works  and  makes  it  possible  for  him  to  turn  his 
capital  into  the  further  development  of  his  own  enterprise.  Fur- 
thermore, as  public  works  under  the  control  of  the  National  Park 
Service,  they  can  always  be  made  to  yield  a  revenue. 

Travel  to  Yosemite  Park  was  very  heavy  this  season.  It  approxi- 
mately equaled  that  of  last  season.  The  records  indicate  that  33,390 
visitors  registered  at  the  park  checking  station  prior  to  October  12. 
Of  those.  14,166  came  in  private  machines.  The  average  stay  of  tour- 
ists in  the  park  was  longer  than  the  average  period  spent  in  the  park 
in  previous  years. 

The  increase  in  motor  travel  was  remarkable,  and  a  comparison  of 
the  number  of  machines  entering  the  park  this  season  with  the  num- 
ber registered  during  1914  and  1915  constitutes  the  best  index  of 
the  sound,  substantial  growth  of  the  park's  popularity  that  I  can 
mention.  The  records  indicate  that  in  1914,  673  cars  entered  the 
park;  in  1915,  3,895;  and  in  1916,  prior  to  October  12,  3,938.  This 
season  14,166  tourists  entered  the  park  in  private  machines.  It  is  gen- 
erally understood  that  automobile  parties  remain  in  the  park  a  longer 
time  than  any  other  class  of  tourists.  This  is  particularly  true  of 
those  who  visited  the  floor  of  the  valley  in  their  cars. 

I  have  indicated  that  the  removal  of  restrictions  on  motor  traffic  is 
one  of  the  important  factors  that  has  influenced  park  development 
during  the  season  of  1916.  Prior  to  this  season  no  private  machines 
were  ever  allowed  to  run  on  the  floor  of  the  valley,  but  the  opening 
,  this  season  of  these  roads  was  largely  responsible  for  the  great  influx 
of  private  cars  and  the  extraordinary  length  of  time  spent  by  motor- 
ists in  the  park.  Next  season  it  is  expected  that  motor  travel  will  be 
double  that  of  this  season.  This  is  a  conservative  estimate. 

It  is  inevitable  that  for  several  years  Yosemite  Park  will  be  just 
as  popular  with  the  motorists  as  Yellowstone,  and  yet  the  roads  in 
this  park  are  so  inferior  to  those  of  Yellowstone  that  it  is  useless 
to  compare  them.  Appropriations  should  be  made  at  once  to  exten- 
sively improve  the  Tioga  road  and  Big  Oak  Flat  road,  and  to  con- 
tinue the  regrading  of  the  El  Portal  road.  These  highways  should  be 
put  in  as  good  condition  as  the  State  highways  with  which  they  con- 
nect. The  Wawona  road  should  also  be  improved,  but  this  is  a  toll 
road,  and  until  private  interest  in  the  same  is  extinguished  and  it 
becomes  a  public  highway  its  reconstruction  can  not  be  undertaken. 
The  Wawona  and  Chinquapin  toll  roads  are  the  only  remaining 
roads  in  the  national  parks  that  are  not  under  the  control  of  the  Na- 
tional Park  Service.  They  constitute  a  constant  source  of  administra- 
tive difficulty,  and  their  private  control  is  inconsistent  with  the  best 
interests  of  the  park.  The  additional  cost  of  using  this  road,  which 
the  tourist  traveling  in  his  own  conveyance  has  to  bear,  discourages 
travel  via  Fresno  and  Merced  and  other  cities  in  their  vicinity. 


DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE   NATIONAL  PARKS.  19 

The  automobile  license  fee  collected  at  the  various  entrances  of 
Yosemite  National  Park  has  been  unpopular,  and  numerous  com- 
munications have  been  received  petitioning  that  it  be  abolished. 
This  action,  of  course,  can  not  be  taken.  During  the  season  of 
1916  $19,600  was  received  from  these  license  fees.  This  fund  con- 
stitutes a  very  large  part  of  the  total  revenues  of  the  park. 

It  should  be  stated  in  this  connection  that  the  revenues  of  the  park 
were  drawn  upon  heavily  during  the  season  to  improve  and  main- 
tain the  general  road  system  for  which  no  congressional  appropria- 
tion was  made.  When  the  motorist  comes  to  appreciate  the  fact 
that  the  roads  in  the  park  could  not  have  been  made  accessible  for 
him  during  the  past  season  without  the  income  derived  from  the  au- 
tomobile tax,  I  believe  he  will  no  longer  be  hostile  to  this  tax. 

Dignified  gateways  should  be  constructed  at  the  several  entrances, 
particularly  at  the  points  where  the  Wawona,  El  Portal,  and  Tioga 
roads  enter  the  park  boundaries. 

MOUNT  RAINIEK  DEVELOPED. 

In  Mount  Rainier  National  Park  a  comprehensive  concession  of 
the  same  character  as  that  granted  the  Desmond  Park  Service 
Co.  in  Yosemite  National  Park  was  granted  the  Rainier  National 
Park  Co.  It  grants  similar  privileges  of  operating  hotels,  camps, 
transportation  service,  mercantile  establishments,  garages,  etc.,  and 
the  time  for  which  these  privileges  may  be  exercised  is  a  period  of 
20  years.  Here,  again,  the  department  will  share  the  net  profits  of 
the  enterprise.  Twenty-five  per  cent  will  be  the  Government's  share 
for  the  first  five  years,  and  50  per  cent  thereafter.  However,  there 
is  provision  for  a  change  to  another  basis  of  compensation  in  the 
event  that  the  profit-sharing  plan  proves  unsatisfactory.  The  alter- 
native basis  has  not  been  definitely  stipulated,  but  will  be  agreed 
upon  between  the  department  and  the  company  should  a  revision  of 
the  clause  governing  the  compensation  later  prove  advisable.  Under 
the  terms  of  this  contract  the  Rainier  National  Park  Co.  has  con- 
structed and  operated  during  the  season  of  1916  a  camp  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Nisqually  Glacier  and  late  in  the  season  opened  an- 
other camp  is  Paradise  Valley.  It  has  under  course  of  construction 
a  first-class  hotel-camp  in  Paradise  Valley  which  will  be  opened 
for  accommodation  of  tourists  next  season.  The  company  also  oper- 
ates a  first-class  automobile  service  between  the  cities  of  Tacoma  and 
Seattle  and  various  points  in  the  park. 

As  the  road  system  in  the  park  is  extended  the  company  will  estab- 
lish new  hotels  and  camps  to  meet  the  tourist  demand,  and  will 
operate  automobile  service  on  all  new  park  roads.  The  service 
rendered  by  this  company  during  the  1916  season  was  eminently 
satisfactory. 


16  NATIONAL  PARKS  'fflffi 


ONTAINJNG 

"lies  or 
Acres 


ADM/M/STEPED     BY    DEPARTMENT  Of  THE:  //V 


MOTIONAL   MONUMENTS 


V£f9/OPt  FRANKL/N  K.  LANE,   SECRETARY 


22  DEVELOPMENT   OF    THE   NATIONAL  PARKS. 

Travel  in  Mount  Rainier  National  Park  during  the  season  of 
1916  fell  considerably  below  that  of  1915,  but  this  reduction  in 
travel  was  due  entirely  to  an  extremely  late  season  in  the  park.  The 
fall  of  snow  last  winter  was  phenomenal,  and  continued  cold  weather 
during  the  spring  prevented  its  melting.  As  a  result  Paradise  Valley 
was  not  opened  until  the  middle  of  August,  and  it  was  relatively  late 
in  the  season  before  Narada  Falls  could  be  reached.  The  roads  and 
bridges  were  also  affected  by  the  extraordinary  fall  of  snow. 

With  the  new  accommodations  that  are  now  available  in  the  park 
for  tourists  and  the  improved  transportation  service  to  the  reserva- 
tion, there  will  be  a  constant  increase  in  the  tourist  travel.  At 
the  present  time  the  only  road  entering  the  park  is  that  which  fol- 
lows the  Nisqually  River  and  terminates  at  Paradise  Valley.  It  is 
a  highly  scenic  highway,  though  a  comparatively  short  one.  In  an 
automobile  one  may  travel  from  the  cities  of  Tacoma  and  Seattle 
to  Paradise  Valley  and  return  in  one  day  and  in  a  few  hours  of  this 
period  cover  every  foot  of  road  in  Mount  Rainier  Park. 

It  is  desired  that  other  sections  of  the  park  be  opened  up,  and  the 
northwest  would  seem  to  be  the  logical  section  to  develop  next.  Ac- 
cordingly, a  survey  of  a  road  up  the  Carbon  River  Valley  has 
been  made  from  the  town  of  Fairfax.  This  road,  if  constructed, 
will  make  accessible  the  incomparable  Spray  and  Moraine  Parks, 
which  lie  on  the  north  slope  of  the  Mountain.  Scenic  areas  that  only 
a  relatively  few  trail  parties  have  visited  will  thus  be  opened  up. 
If  Congress  authorizes  the  construction  of  this  road,  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad  will  make  improvements  at  the  town  of  Fairfax 
and  make  other  arrangements  to  promote  travel  to  this  section. 

The  Rainier  National  Park  Co.  will,  of  course,  provide  new  and 
up-to-date  hotel  and  camp  accommodations  for  tourists.  Further- 
more, it  is  understood  that  the  State  of  Washington  has  in  con- 
templation the  continuation  of  the  State  highway  system  from  the 
town  of  Orting  to  the  point  of  the  beginning  of  the  new  park  high- 
way. The  Carbon  River  Road  would  also  constitute  an  important 
link  in  a  highway  around  the  west  side  of  Mount  Rainier  to  connect 
with  the  present  road  system.  This  future  road,  opening  up  the 
north  and  west  sides  of  the  mountain,  would  be  a  scenic  highway 
unsurpassed  in  the  world.  New  and  ever-changing  vistas  of  the 
great  mountain  would  be  presented  to  the  traveler. 

,  CKATEE  LAKE  PROSPECTS. 

Hotel  accommodations  in  Crater  Lake  National  Park  have  never 
been  satisfactory,  and  this  year  there  was  no  improvement  in  them 
over  former  years.  The  development  of  accommodations  and  trans- 
portation service  in  this  park  must  be  undertaken  on  the  same  broad 


DEVELOPMENT   OF   THE   NATIONAL  PARKS.  23 

scale  that  the  new  concessions  in  Yosemite  and  Mount  Rainier  are 
now  being  handled.  When  such  accommodations  and  facilities  are 
provided  for  the  comfort  and  convenience  of  visitors,  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad  Co.  can  be  expected  to  operate  high-class  train 
service  to  Kirk,  on  the  east  side  of  the  park,  thus  making  it  possible 
for  the  tourist  to  enter  the  park  by  the  west  entrance  and  leave 
through  Kirk  in  the  Klamath  direction,  or  the  reverse.  I  hope  to 
completely  reorganize  the  Crater  Lake  concession  within  a  few 
weeks  and  make  conditions  definitely  attractive  for  1917  travel. 

The  War  Department,  under  a  $50,000  appropriation,  has  continued 
the  construction  of  a  scenic  highway  around  the  lake  under  the 
direction  of  Army  engineers.  The  appropriations,  however,  for  the 
administration  of  the  park  have  been  very  small,  and  there  is  no 
authority  for  using  revenues  of  the  park  for  its  administration  and 
protection.  It  has  therefore  been  impossible  to  build  a  very  neces- 
sary water  system,  a  small  electric  plant,  and  make  other  improve- 
ments of  this  character.  The  lack  of  water  at  the  Crater  Lake  Lodge 
on  the  rim  caused  considerable  inconvenience  during  the  summer. 

THE  SEQUOIA  NATIONAL  PARK. 

In  Sequoia  National  Park  the  lack  of  roads  and  hotel  accommoda- 
tions, while  not  discouraging  tourist  travel  particularly,  has  mili- 
tated against  the  park's  popularity.  A  new  hotel  or  camp  is  a  neces- 
sity and  it  is  essential  that  a  new  administrative  building  be  erected 
and  an  adequate  water  system  be  installed  in  the  Giant  Forest ;  also 
that  provision  be  made  for  the  sanitation  of  the  village  in  the  Forest. 

As  the  Giant  Forest  is  the  scenic  attraction  of  the  park  at  the 
present  time,  and  indeed  the  only  accessible  part,  its  improvement 
must  have  attention.  The  major  portion  of  the  trees  in  the  Giant 
Forest  grow  on  land  held  in  private  ownership  but,  as  I  have  stated, 
Congress  has  appropriated  $50,000  and  the  National  Geographic 
Society  has  advanced  $20,000  to  complete  their  purchase  and  revest 
title  to  them  in  the  United  States. 

Funds  were  also  appropriated  by  Congress  for  a  new  bridge  over 
the  Marble  Fork  of  the  Kaweah  River  near  the  Giant  Forest. 

The  new  basis  of  compensation  for  privileges  granted  to  the  Mount 
Whitney  Power  &  Electric  Co.  in  the  park  has  netted  the  revenue 
fund  more  than  $7,000  during  the  past  year.  This  fund  is  now  just 
large  enough  to  protect  and  administer  the  park.  Appropriations  for 
improvement  only  will  be  requested. 

"  THE  GREATER  SEQUOIA." 

Senate  bill  5913,  introduced  by  Senator  Phelan,  of  California,  and 
House  bill  13168,  by  Representative  Kent,  of  the  same  State,  provid- 


24  DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE    NATIONAL  PARKS. 

ing  for  enlarging  Sequoia  National  Park  to  include  the  Kings  and 
Kern  Canyons  and  several  miles  of  the  crest  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
including  Mount  Whitney,  are  now  pending  in  Congress  and  will  be 
considered  in  the  short  session  which  convenes  in  December.  The 
early  enactment  of  this  legislation  can  not  be  too  strongly  urged. 

The  public  land  proposed  to  be  added  to  Sequoia  National  Park 
by  these  measures  will  never  be  valuable  for  any  other  than  park 
purposes.  Cattle  are  grazed  on  the  mountain  meadows  during  part 
of  the  year,  but  the  administration  of  these  meadows  as  part  of  the 
park  will  not  interfere  with  the  exercise  of  grazing  privileges  for 
many  years  to  come.  Small  tracts  of  land  here  and  there  will  be 
fenced  for  pasturage  of  live  stock  used  by  tourists. 

Sequoia  Park  now  has  the  giant  sequoia  trees  as  its  one  attraction, 
but  if  enlarged  as  proposed  it  will  become  a  scenic  park  of  as  much 
distinction  as  that  possessed  by  any  other  park  in  the  system.  Fur- 
thermore, it  will  become  a  game  sanctuary  of  as  much  importance  as 
the  Yellowstone  National  Park. 

GENERAL  GRANT  NATIONAL  PARK. 

General  Grant  National  Park  had  a  50  per  cent  increase  in  the 
number  of  visitors  this  year.  There  has  been  a  remarkable  increase 
in  travel  to  this  park  since  1914.  In  that  season  3,735  visitors  reg- 
istered in  the  park,  last  year  the  number  jumped  to  10,523,  and  this 
year  to  15,360 ;  8.612  people  entered  this  year  in  automobiles. 

The  fees  from  automobiles  so  increased  the  revenues  of  this  park 
that  it  may  now  be  administered  without  appropriations  by  Congress. 
However,  a  Federal  appropriation  will  be  needed  for  an  adequate 
water  system,  for  a  new  ranger  station,  and  for  other  improvements 
that  are  absolutely  essential  to  its  proper  development. 

HEAVY  TRAVEL  TO  ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Rocky  Mountain  National  Park  was  visited  this  year  by  more  peo- 
ple than  any  other  large  scenic  park.  The  village  of  Estes  Park 
just  outside  of  its  boundaries,  and  large  resorts  situated  near  the 
park,  were  taxed  to  their  maximum  capacity  throughout  the  season. 
There  was  a  scarcity  of  accommodations  of  all  kinds.  Automobile 
service  appears  to  have  been  the  only  necessary  service  which  was 
adequate  to  meet  all  demands,  and  it  is  understood  that  the  transpor- 
tation company  operating  this  service  out  of  Denver,  Boulder.  Love- 
land,  Longmont,  Lyons,  and  other  cities  on  numerous  occasions  was 
compelled  to  decline  to  carry  passengers  to  the  park  because  of  insuf- 
ficient hotel  and  camp  accommodations  in  Estes  Park  and  in  Rocky 
Mountain  Park  itself.  I  am  reliably  informed  that,  prior  to  the 
opening  of  the  1917  season,  large  additions  to  several  of  the  larger 


DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE   NATIONAL  PAKKS.  25 

hotels  will  have  been  constructed,  and  that  these  will  be  adequate  for 
the  anticipated  heavy  travel.  This  season's  extraordinary  increase 
was  not  foreseen  and  could  hardly  have  been  anticipated. 

Beyond  the  work  of  maintaining  the  trail  system  and  telephone 
lines  the  department  has  been  unable  to  undertake  any  improvement 
of  this  park.  A  clause  in  the  organic  act  establishing  this  park  in- 
hibits the  appropriation  of  more  than  $10,000  annually  for  its  admin- 
istration, protection,  and  improvement.  This  sum  is  just  sufficient 
to  administer  and  protect  it.  Before  its  improvement  is  undertaken, 
therefore,  this  inhibition  on  the  amount  which  may  be  appropriated 
each  year  must  be  removed.  Senate  bill  6854,  introduced  by  Senator 
Shafroth,  of  Colorado,  is  designed  to  accomplish  this  end,  but  it  has 
not  had  the  consideration  of  either  House  of  Congress.  The  revenues 
of  the  park  are  turned  into  the  miscellaneous  receipts  of  the  Treasury. 

Some  years  ago,  the  State  of  Colorado  undertook  the  construction 
of  a  road  across  the  Continental  Divide  from  Estes  Park  to  Grand 
Lake  by  way  of  Fall  River  and  Milner  Pass,  but  the  road  has  never 
been  completed.  The  State,  however,  is  continuing  to  build  a 
few  miles  of  the  highway  each  year.  Until  this  road  is  completed 
by  the  State  and  other  improvements  are  made  by  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment visitors  to  this  splendid  scenic  park  will  find  it  accessible 
only  to  persons  accustomed  to  foot  or  horseback  travel  on  the  trails. 

House  bill  10124,  now  pending  in  the  Senate,  provides  for  the 
addition  to  the  Rocky  Mountain  National  Park  of  a  number  of  scenic 
tracts,  including  Twin  Sisters,  Deer  Mountain,  Gem  Lake,  and  The 
Needles.  Should  this  measure  be  enacted  the  east  boundary  of  the 
park  will  be  brought  very  close  to  the  city  limits  of  Estes  Park. 

THE  HOT  SPRINGS  RESERVATION. 

The  season  of  1916  brought  an  increase  in  travel  to  Hot  Springs 
Reservation  in  the  Ozarks  of  Arkansas,  and,  as  might  be  expected, 
an  increase  also  in  the  indigent  sick  who  became  at  once  a  charge 
upon  the  community  and  upon  charitable  organizations  of  the  city. 

Less  than  a  year  ago,  I  spent  a  week  carefully  studying  condi- 
tions in  Hot  Springs.  I  found  that  the  burden  of  caring  for  the 
afflicted  poor  that  annually  came  into  the  city  to  bathe  at  the  Gov- 
ernment free  bathhouse  was  very  heavy,  and  I  can  not  too  highly 
commend  the  efforts  of  the  men  and  women  who  are  constantly  de- 
voting themselves  to  the  alleviation  of  the  suffering  of  these  people 
and  to  providing  them  with  sufficient  nourishment  to  enable  them  to 
seek  relief  from  their  ills  by  bathing  in  these  healing  waters. 

In  this  connection  I  wish  to  call  attention  to  the  free  clinics  which 
public-spirited  physicians  are  now  conducting  at  the  Government 


26  DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE   NATIONAL  PARKS. 

free  bathhouse.  Three  of  these  clinics  are  now  in  operation.  The 
doctors  in  charge  not  only  devote  considerable  time  to  these  clinics, 
but  make  free  use  of  their  laboratories  for  tests  and  diagnoses  which 
entail,  in  many  cases,  considerable  expense.  The  results  of  the 
operation  of  these  clinics  have  been  most  gratifying  and  they  clearly 
indicate  that  these  waters,  when  used  under  experienced  medical 
advice,  have  not  only  given  relief  in  the  majority  of  cases  but  have 
effected  numerous  complete  cures.  These  results  are  the  more  re- 
markable when  one  considers  the  conditions  under  which  the  indigent 
must  bathe  on  the  reservation.  The  Government  free  bathhouse  is 
small,  old,  and  inadequate  to  furnish  the  service  for  which  it  was 
built.  It  is  practically  impossible  to  keep  it  sanitary,  and  notwith- 
standing all  that  is  done  to  keep  it  clean  it  always  looks  insanitary. 

The  National  Park  Service  will  soon  station  a  physician  at  the 
reservation  to  supervise  bathing  at  the  free  bathhouse,  assist  in  the 
free  clinics,  keep  its  records,  make  laboratory  tests,  etc. 

There  is  an  urgent  necessity  for  a  detailed  study  of  the  Hot 
Springs  Reservation  by  a  board  to  be  composed  of  an  architect,  a 
civil  engineer  of  experience  in  designing  and  installing  drainage 
systems  and  constructing  roads,  and  possibly  a  landscape  engineer. 
This  board  should  suggest  an  adequate  landscape  development  and 
design  a  new  free  bathhouse.  It  should  also  plan  a  storm-sewer 
system  to  carry  away  flood  waters  for  the  protection  of  the  city  from 
the  serious  inundations  which  have  caused  considerable  damage  in 
the  past.  It  is  estimated  that  $10,000  will  cover  the  cost  of  such  a 
survey.  The  report  of  the  proposed  board  would  be  a  basis  for 
congressional  appropriation  for  the  improvement  of  the  reservation. 

An  estimate  for  a  storm-sewer  system,  in  amount  $237,840,  and  for 
other  improvements,  in  amount  $96,595,  has  been  submitted  to  don- 
gress  by  the  department  in  three  consecutive  years,  but  it  has  never 
received  favorable  action.  All  things  considered,  I  believe  that  a 
complete  study  of  all  of  the  needs  of  the  reservation  should  be  made 
before  appropriations  are  again  requested  for  its  broad-gauge 
development. 

During  my  visit  to  Hot  Springs  I  talked  with  many  who  stated 
that  they  had  been  restored  to  health  by  the  spring  waters,  and  as  a 
layman  I  was  deeply  impressed  with  apparent  evidences  of  their 
curative  value  in  several  diseases. 

THE  MESA  VERDE  NATIONAL  PARK 

Mesa  Verde  National  Park  possesses  historical  and  scientific  features 
that  should  bring  it  a  very  large  tourist  patronage.  There  are  no 
facilities  for  the  care  of  many  visitors  at  one  time,  however,  .and 
neither  has  there  been  sufficient  road  improvement  to  make  the  im- 
portant cliff  dwellings  and  the  scenic  sections  of  the  park  readily 


DEVELOPMENT   OF   THE    NATIONAL   PARKS.  27 

'accessible.  Nevertheless,  1,385  people  visited  the  park  during  the 
1916  season,  an  increase  of  more  than  100  per  cent  over  1915. 

Here  again  we  point  to  a  park  for  which  the  funds  appropriated 
by  Congress  are  wholly  inadequate.  Liberal  appropriations  for  a 
year  or  two  would  make  the  park  available  to  tens  of  thousands. 

Further  important  discoveries  of  prehistoric  structures  and  imple- 
ments were  made  in  the  park  during  the  summer  by  Dr.  J.  Walter 
Fewkes,  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  His  explorations  were 
financed  by  both  the  National  Park  Service  and  the  Smithsonian 
Institution.  Many  curios  and  rare  objects  of  historic  interest  recently 
uncovered  are  being  carried  away  by  tourists  because  the  park  has  no 
place  to  house  them  and  protect  them.  A  museum  should  be  con- 
structed in  the  park,  and  an  effort  made  to  recover  some  of  the  im- 
portant relics  that  have  been  carried  away.  If  there  is  a  building  in 
which  these  objects  may  be  placed  for  preservation,  in  all  likelihood 
many  valuable  relics  will  be  voluntarily  returned  to  the  park. 

There  have  been  no  important  developments  in  the  smaller  parks, 
nor  have  I  any  recommendations  to  make  with  respect  to  their  im- 
provement and  management. 

IN  GENERAL. 

On  the  whole,  we  should  be  well  pleased,  if  not  satisfied,  with  the 
year's  accomplishment.  While  nothing  new  has  been  completed,  we 
have  made  substantial  beginnings  in  most  important  directions. 

Of  first  importance  is  the  creation  of  the  national  park  service, 
which  makes  all  things  possible. 

Of  perhaps  equal  importance  is  the  practical  establishment  on 
sound  business  lines  of  the  principle  of  Government  participation  in 
concessioners'  profits,  which  makes  eventual  financial  independence 
for  the  national  parks  possible,  and,  with  wise  administration, 
probable. 

Also  of  very  great  importance  is  the  creation  of  a  spirit  of  hearty 
cooperation  among  concessioners,  railroads,  and  park  officials.  There 
is  much  still  lacking  here,  but  the  beginnings  are  inspiring. 

Finally,  the  sympathy  and  spirit  of  helpfulness  shown  by  Congress 
in  this  public-spirited  endeavor  to  realize  a  vast  national  destiny  is 
tremendously  encouraging. 

And  the  enthusiastic  whole-hearted  way  in  which  the  American 
people  are  rising  to  their  opportunity  is  a  genuine  delight. 
Cordially,  yours, 

STEPHEN  T.  MATHER, 
Assistant  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

Hon.  FRANKLIN  K.  LANE, 

Secretary  of  the  Interior. 


28 


DEVELOPMENT   OF    THE    NATIONAL   PARKS. 


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DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE   NATIONAL  PAKKS. 


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30 


DEVELOPMENT   OF   THE   NATIONAL  PARKS. 


STATISTICS. 

Visitors  to  parks,  1909  to  1916. 


Name  of  park. 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

Hot  Springs  Reservation  
Yellowstone  National  Park... 
Casa  Grande  Ruin 

C1) 
32,545 
f1) 

120,000 
19,  575 
f1) 

130,000 
23,054 
2  450 

135,000 
22,970 
2  450 

2135,000 
24,929 
2  450 

2125,000 
20,250 
2  500 

2115,000 
51,  895 
500 

118,  740 
35,849 
1  909 

Sequoia  National  Park  

854 

2,407 

3,114 

2,923 

3,823 

4,667 

7,647 

10,780 

Yosemite  National  Park  
General  Grant  National  Park. 
Mount  Rainier  National  Park 
Crater  Lake  National  Park..  . 
Wind  Cave  National  Park  
Platt  National  Park.  

13,  182 
798 
5,968 
4,171 
3,216 
25,000 

13,619 
1,178 
8,000 
5,000 
3,387 
2  25,  000 

12,530 
2,160 
10,306 
24,500 
"3,887 
30,000 

10,884 
2,240 
8,946 
5,235 
3,199 
231,000 

13,735 
2,756 
13,501 
6,253 
3,988 
235  000 

15,  145 
3,735 
15,038 
7,096 
3,592 
230  000 

33,452 
10,523 
35,  166 
11,371 

2,817 
220  000 

33,390 
15,360 
23,989 
12,  265 
9,000 
2  30  000 

Sullys  Hill  Park 

190 

190 

2200 

2200 

300 

500 

1  000 

2  1  500 

Mesa  Verde  National  Park.  .  . 
Glacier  National  Park 

165 

250 

206 
24  000 

230 

6  257 

280 
12  138 

502 
14  168 

'663 
14  265 

1,385 
12  839 

Rocky    Mountain   National 
Park 

231,000 

251  000 

Hawaii  National  Park  

(i) 

Lassen    Volcanic    National 
Park                     

(i) 

Total                

86,089 

198,606 

224,407 

229,534 

252  153 

240  193 

335  299 

358  006 

i  No  record.  2  Estimated. 

Automobile  and  motorcycle  licenses  issued,  seasons  of  191J/,  1915,  and  1916. 


19 

14 

19 

15 

18 

16 

Automo- 
biles. 

Motor- 
cycles. 

Automo- 
biles. 

Motor- 
cycles. 

Automo- 
biles. 

Motor- 
cycles. 

Yellowstone          

958 

3,445 

158 

330 

11 

735 

4 

Yosemite                      

673 

3,895 

3,938 

General  Grant 

392 

12 

1,584 

40 

1,749 

39 

Mount  Rainier         

1,594 

188 

3,238 

247 

3,795 

97 

Crater  Lake 

1  107 

18 

2  015 

31 

2  600 

26 

Mesa  Verde      

34 

4 

86 

184 

2 

Glacier 

267 

4 

457 

26 

902 

11 

Wind  Cave  

(i) 

(i) 

(i) 

(i) 

2  2,  500 

(i) 

Total 

4  225 

226 

12  563 

355 

19  848 

179 

i  No  record  kept  or  estimate  made. 


2  Estimated. 


Receipts1  collected  from  automobiles  and  motorcycles   (single  trip  and  season 

permits)  during  the  1916  park  season. 

Amount 
collected. 

Yellowstone $25,  387.  50 

Sequoia „ 1,  600.  00 

Yosemite 19,  997.  00 

General  Grant 960.  00 

Mount  Rainier 13, 194.  00 

Crater  Lake 4,  237.  00 

Mesa  Verde 95.  50 

Glacier__  312. 00 


Total ' 65,  783.  00 


1  Received  to  and  including  Nov.  14,  1916. 


DEVELOPMENT   OF    THE   NATIONAL  PARKS. 


31 


National  monuments  administered  by  the  National  Park  Service,  Department 

of  the  Interior. 


Name. 

Location. 

Date  of  crea- 
tion. 

Area 
(acres). 

Description. 

Devils  Tower 

Wyoming  
Arizona 

Sept.  24,  1906 
Dec.     8,  1906 

...  do  

1,152 
1160 

160 

20,629 
295 

2,080 
10 
1  15,  840 

210 
12,740 

1160 
157 

160 
160 

13,883 
25,625 

360 
2,050 

80 
15,000 

681 

Remarkable  natural  rock  tower,  of  volcanic 
origin,  l,200feet  in  height. 
Prehistoric  cliff-dwelling  ruin  of  unusual  size 
situated  in  a  niche  in  face  of  a  vertical  cliff. 
Of  scenic  and  ethnological  interest. 
Enormous  sandstone  rock  eroded  in  form  of  a 
castle,  upon  which  inscriptions  have  been 
placed  by  early  Spanish  explorers.    Con- 
tains cliff-dweller  ruins.    Of  great  historic, 
scenic,  and  ethnologic  Interest. 
Contains  numerous  cliff-dweller  ruins,  includ- 
ing communal  houses,  in  good  condition, 
and  but  little  excavated. 
Contains  one  of  the  most  noted  redwood 
groves  in  California,  and  was  donated  by 
Hon.  William  Kent,  Member  of  Congress. 
Located  7  miles  from  San  Francisco. 
Contains  many  spirelike  rock  formations,  600 
to  1,000  feet  high,  which  are  visible  for  many 
miles;  also  numerous  caves,  and  other 
formations. 
Contains  ruin  of  Franciscan  mission  dating 
from  sixteenth  century,  until  recent  years 
in  fair  preservation,  but  now  rapidly  dis- 
integrating. 
Contains  magnificent  gorge,  depth  from  800  to 
2,000  feet,  with  precipitous  walls  and  many 
waterfalls.    Of  great  beauty  and  scenic 
interest. 
Cavern  of  considerable  extent,  located  near 
Cody. 
Contains  3  natural  bridges,  among  largest  ex- 
amples of  their  kind.    Largest  bridge  is  222 
feet  high,  65  feet  thick  at  top  of  arch;  arch  Is 
28  feet  wide;  span,  261  feet;  height  of  span, 
157   feet.    Other   two   are   only   slightly 
smaller. 
One  of  the  most  important  of  earliest  Spanish 
mission  ruins  in  the  Southwest.    Monu- 
ment also  contains  Pueblo  ruins. 
Park  of  great  natural  beauty,  and  historic  in- 
terest as  scene  of  massacre  of  Russians  by 
Indians.    Contains  16  totem  poles  of  best 
native  workmanship. 
Unique  natural  bridge  of  great  scientific  in- 
terest and  symmetry.     Height  309  feet 
above  water,  and  span  is  278  feet,  in  shape 
of  rainbow. 
Immense  limestone  cavern  of  great  scientific 
interest,    magnificently   decorated    with 
stalactite  formations.    Cavern  now  closed 
to  public  because  of  depredations  by  van- 
dals. 
Contains  many  lofty  monoliths,  and  is  won- 
derful example  of  erosion,  and  of  great 
scenic  beauty  and  interest. 
Contains  abundance  of  petrified  coniferous 
trees,  one  of  which  forms  a  small  natural 
bridge  .    Is  of  great  scientific  interest  . 
Contains  numerous  pueblo,  or  cliff-dweller 
nuns,  in  good  preservation. 
Contains  splendid  collection  of  characteristic 
desert  flora  and  numerous  pictographs. 
Interesting  rock  formations. 
Contains  deposits  of  fossil  remains  of  prehis- 
toric animal  life  of  great  scientific  interest. 
Mountainous  area  adjacent  to  Bar  Harbor 
which  includes  10  mountains  and  several 
lakes.    Is  very  wild  and  rugged.    Most 
romantic  and  beautiful  mingling  of  moun- 
tain and  ocean  scenery  on  Atlantic  Coast. 
Contains  cinder  cone  of  geologically  recent 
formation. 

Montezuma  Castle. 

New  Mexico 

Chaco  Canyon  
Muir  Woods  

do  
California  

.  .  do  

Mar.  11,1907 
Jan.      9,  1908 

Jan.    16,1908 
Sept.  15,  1908 
July   31,1909 

Sept.  21,  1909 
Sept.  25,  1909 

Nov.    1,1909 
Mar.  23,1910 

May  30,1910 
May   16,1911 

May  24,1911 
July  31,1911 

Mar.  14,1912 
Jan.    31,1914 

Oct.     4,1915 
July     8,1916 

Aug.    9,  1916 

Pinnacles 

Arizona 

Mukuntuweap 

Utah 

Shoshone  Cavern.  . 
Natural  bridges  .  .  . 

Wyoming  
Utah  

Gran  Quivira.. 

New  Mexico  .  . 
Alaska 

Sitka 

Rainbow  Bridge.. 

Utah..  . 

Lewis  and  Clark 
Cavern. 

Colorado  

Montana  

Colorado  
Arizona 

Petrified  Forest... 
Navajo 

do 

Papago  Saguaro.  .  . 

Dinosaur  
Sieur  de  Monts.  .  .  . 

Capulin  Mountain. 

do  

Utah  
Maine  

Now  Mexico... 

i  Estimated. 


32  DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE   NATIONAL  PARKS. 

National  monuments  administered  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 


Name. 

Location. 

Date  of  crea- 
tion. 

Area 
(acres) 

Description. 

Gila  Cliff  Dwell- 
ings. 
Tonto 

New  Mexico... 
Arizona 

Nov.  16,1907 
Dec.   19  1907 

160 
1  640 

Contains  numerous  cliff-dweller  ruins  of  much 
interest  and  in  good  preservation. 
Do. 

Grand.  Canyon  .  .  . 

....  do  

Jan.    11,  1908 

1  806,400 

.Contains  the  most  wonderful  portion  of  the 

Jewel  Cave  

South  Dakota. 

Feb.     7,  1908 

i  1,280 

Grand  Canyon  of  the  Colorado. 
Contains  a  limestone  cavern  of  much  beauty 

Wheeler  

Colorado  

Dec.     7,  1908 

300 

and  considerable  extent,  limits  of  which 
are  as  yet  unknown. 
Of  much  interest  from  geological  standpoint 

Oregon  Caves 

Oregon  

July   12,1909 

480 

as  example  of  eccentric  erosion  and  extinct 
volcanic  action.    Of  much  scenic  beauty. 
Extensive  caves  in  limestone  formation  of 

Devil  Postpile.... 
Mount  Olympus.. 
Walnut  Canyon 

California  
Washington... 
Arizona 

July     6,  1911 
Apr.  17,1912 
Nov.  30,1915 

800 
299,370 
960 

much  beauty;  magnitude  not  entirely  as- 
certained. 
Spectacular  mass  of  hexagonal  basaltic  col- 
umns, like  an  immense  pile  of  posts.    Said 
to  rank  with  famous  Giant's  Causeway  in 
Ireland. 
Contains  many  objects  of  great  and  unusual 
scientific  interest,  including  many  glaciers. 
Is  summer  range  and  breeding  ground  of 
the  Olympic  elk. 
Contains  cliff  dwellings  of  much  scientific 

Bandelier 

New  Mexico  . 

Feb.  11,1916 

18,000 

and  popular  interest. 
Contains  vast  numbers  of  cliff-dweller  ruins, 

Old  Kasaan 

Alaska 

Oct.   25  1916 

38.3 

with  artificial  caves,  stone  sculpture,  and 
other  relics  of  prehistoric  life. 
Abandoned  Indian  village  in  which  there  fire 

numerous  remarkable  totem   poles   and 
other  objects  of  historical  interest. 

i  Estimated. 
National  monuments  administered   by  the   War  Department. 


Names. 

Location. 

Date  of  crea- 
tion. 

Area 
(acres). 

Description. 

Big  Hole   Battle 
Field. 

Cabrillo  

Montana  
California..  . 

June  23,1910 
Oct.    14,  1913 

5 
1 

Site  of  battle  field  on  which  battle  was  fought 
Aug.  9,  1877,  between  a  small  force  of  United 
States  troops  and  a  much  larger  force  of  Nez 
Perce  Indians,  resulting  in  rout  for  the 
Indians. 
Of  historic  interest  because  of  discovery  of  the 

territory  now  partly  embraced  in  the  State 
of  California  by  Juan  Rodriguez  Cabrillo, 
who  at  this  point  first  sighted  land  on  Sept. 
28,  1542. 

Statement  of  appropriations  made  for,  and  revenues  received  from,  the  various 
national  parks,  and  expenditures  made  therefrom  under  supervision  of  the 
department,  during  the  fiscal  year  1907-1917,  inclusive. 


Name  of  the  national  park. 

Appropriations. 

Revenues. 

Appro- 
priated. 

Ex- 
pended. 

Received. 

Ex-- 
pended. 

Hot  Springs  Reservation: 
1907 

$20,165.00 
28,090.00 
34,475.00 
36,  540.  00 
36,060.00 
182,518.00 
35,279.16 

$19,  938.  41 
21,  115.  56 
19,699.27 
28,401.97 
56,375.33 

1908... 

1909  

1910.. 

1911  

(  $2,935.00 

$2,935.00 

1912  

::::::::::: 

3,267.96 
242,957.18 

1  

1  Proceeds  from  sale  of  Government  lots  (lot  fund). 

2  Expenditure  from  lot  fund. 


DEVELOPMENT   OP   THE   NATIONAL  PARKS. 


33 


Statement  of  appropriations  made  for,  and  revenues  received  from,  the  various 
national  pai'ks,  etc. — Continued. 


Name  of  the  national  park. 

Appropriations. 

Revenues. 

Appro- 
priated. 

Ex- 
pended. 

Received. 

Ex- 
pended. 

Hot  Springs—  Continued. 
1913                                                                    

(.  . 
i... 

$40,711.00 

i  $29,  438.  25 
234,581.57 
•31,273.70 
«  36,  658.  62 
36,941.95 
40,261.14 

1914                                                           

I'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

<  1,287.  90 
38,380.00 
37,877.66 
37,926.32 

1916                                                  

1917  

Yellowstone: 
1907                                                            

$2,935.00 

$2,935.00 

429,310.04 

370,910.91 

7,500.00 
8,000.00 
58,000.00 
62,500.00 
8,000.00 
8,500.00 
8,500.00 
8,500.00 
8,500.00 
8,500.00 
8,500.00 
8,500.00 

7,498.64 
7,999.40 
7,997.44 
1,962.53 
7,999.71 
8,499.96 
8,500.00 
8,500.00 
8,500.00 
8,500.00 
8,491.41 

1,838.96 
4,699.65 
4,790.20 

5,110.05 
23,420.13 
16,476.38 
21,980.10 
15,439.23 
20,307.40 
46,628.49 

3,647.04 
4,228.37 
3,661.47 

3,359.80 
7,998.47 
8,103.41 
6,449.97 
13,843.24 
12,884.18 
26,350.96 

1908                                       

1909                                                     

1910                                       

1911                                                         

1912                                

1913                                       

1914                                                         

1915                            

1916                                       

1917                                                         

Sequoia: 
1907                                                  

93,500.00 

84,449.09 

160,690.59 

90,526.91 

10,000.00 
15,550.00 
15,550.00 
15,550.00 
15,550.00 
15,550.00 
15,550.00 
15,550.00 
15,550.00 
15,550.00 
/  22,  300.  001 
(•>  50,000.00/ 

9,919.82 
15,333.50 
15,373.96 
15,514.19 
15,543.34 
15.549.20 
15,549.52 
15,549.27 
15,549.65 
15,549.75 

159.50 
43.15 
46.57 
121.78 
255.65 
305.  16 
353.85 
4,094.21 
1,975.03 
5,169.86 

1908                              

18.97 

1909                                         

1910              ...   

1911                                    

31.25 

48.25 
70.81 
83.94 
3,498.23 
4,740.75 

1912                                                  

1913                   

1914                                     

1915                                                                -              .   ... 

1916                 

1917                                         

Yosemite: 
1907                                    

222,250.00 

149,432.20 

12,524.76 

8,492.20 

5,750.00 
30,000.00 
30,000.00 
30,000.00 
62,000.00 
812,000.00 
50,000.00 
80,000.00 
125,000.00 
100,000.00 
75,000.00 
250  000  00 

5,705.24 
29,508.58 
29,969.86 
29,983.82 
62,000.00 
811,646.37 
49,999.68 
80,000.00 
124,798.49 
99,235.22 
74,992.54 

9,193.04 
14,390.06 
15,851.17 
21,373.18 
35,765.48 

23,855.77 
19,495.83 
23,406.14 
37,019.20 
49,878.42 

1,000.00 
7,131.37 
5,024.84 
34,486.09 
19,050.39 

35,970.68 
16,431.16 
9,903.58 
40,699.30 
52,961.53 

1908 

1909                     

1910                                         

1911 

1912                                           

1913 

1914                                         

1915       

1916                                   

1917 

General  Grant: 
1907 

599,750.00 

597,839.80 

250,228.29 

222,658.94 

2,000.00 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 

1,988.75 
1,914.76 
1,999.93 
1,999.90 
1,999.89 
1,998.60 
1,999.20 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 
1,999.36 

1908  .  .  .  .  1  

63.75 

1909                                  

1910  

50.00 
210.64 
173.54 
158.68 
429.64 
560.89 
1,795.50 

1911          .              

18.88 
.99 
503.01 
1.59 
355.68 
481.46 

1912 

1913  

1914 

1915  

1916  

1917 

22,000.00 

19,900.39 

3,442.64 

1,361.01 

1  Includes  $1,272.71  expended  in  making  survey  and  preparation  of  plans,  etc.,  for  sewer  system,  city  of 
Hot  Springs. 

2  Expenditure  from  lot  fund. 

3  Contributed  by  city  of  Hot  Springs  on  account  sewer  system;  $14.20  returned  to  city. 

4  Includes  99  cents  expended  on  account  of  survey  sewer  system. 

5  Administration  and  protection. 

6  Marking  unmonumented  portions  of  park  boundaries. 

7  For  purchase  of  private  holdings. 

8  Appropriation,  without  year,  for  examination  of  water  supply  for  city  of  San  Francisco. 


34 


DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE   NATIONAL  PARKS. 


Statement  of  appropriations  made  for,  and  revenues  received  from,  the  various 
national  parks,  etc. — Continued. 


Name  of  the  national  park. 

Appropriations. 

Revenues. 

Appro- 
priated. 

Ex- 
pended. 

Received. 

Ex- 
pended. 

Mount  Rainier: 
1907 

i  $2,  500.  00 
3,000.00 
3,000.00 
3,000.00 
3,000.00 
5,400.00 
20,000.00 
23,400.00 
51,000.00 
30,000.00 
30,000.00 

$2,407.91 
2,965.59 
2,961.61 
3,000.00 
2,998.90 
5,399.99 
19,989.70 
23,347.05 
50,907.79 
29,999.77 

$205.  22 
170.00 
1,104.79 
9,053.79 
7,748.48 
5,370.36 
7,301.62 
9,040.10 
12,893.29 
19,317.99 

1908                                                              

SN.  9(5 
27.65 
2,763.86 
5,342.47 
9,363.33 
6,791.80 
6,039.42 
5,513.46 
15,026.08 

1909 

1910                                                             

1911 

1912                                                         

1913 

1914                                           

1915 

1916                         

1917 

Crater  Lake: 
1907 

174,300.00 

143,978.31 

72,205.64 

50,877.03 

3,000.00 
7,315.00 
3,000.00 
3,000.00 
3,000.00 
3,000.00 
3,000.00 
7,540.00 
8,040.00 
8,000.00 
8,000.00 

2,989.75 
7,314.65 
2,999.21 
2,999.97 
2,999.77 
2,998.75 
2,978.41 
7,483.61 
7,884.59 
7,835.25 

10.00 

(2) 

1908 

1909 

15.00 
11.00 
30.00 
323.00 
784.18 
793.00 
1,359.50 
2,402.04 

1910  

1911 

1912 

1913                 

1914 

1915                 

1916 

1917  

Wind  Cave: 
1907  

56,895.00 

48,  483.  96 

4^398.08 
2,433.54 
2,335.37 
2,500.00 
2,413.60 
2,499.86 
132.50 
2,500.00 
2,496.97 
2,463.51 

5,  727.  72 

|== 

4,400.00 
2,500.00 
2,500.00 
2,500.00 
2,500.00 
2,500.00 
375.00 
2,500.00 
2,500.00 
2,500.00 
2,500.00 

1908 

200.00 
450.00 
523.  25 
340.00 
675.00 
528.26 
246.17 
2,342.90 
2,590.89 

1909  

220.80 
62.88 
562.  26 
278.  56 
1,  197.  39 
366.72 
606.16 
981.57 

1910 

1911  

1912 

1913  

1914 

1915 

1916 

1917  

Platt: 
1907  

27,  275.  00 

24,  173.  43 

7,896.47 

4,276.34 

(3) 

178.00 
7,021.00 
272.00 
164.50 
422.  75 
165.50 
49.95 
U7,500.00 
282.81 
241.76 
301.  11 

7,082.25 
10,552.26 
15,764.27 
11,734.74 
779.06 
219.  84 
100.11 
*  10,  119.  06 
67.48 
178.  87 
44.35 

1908 

1909  

1910          

1911 

5,000.00 
10,000.00 
f    8,000.00 
V  17,  500.  00 
8,000.00 
8,000.00 
18,000.00 
8,000.00 

4,994.64 
9,999.34 
7,999.95 
<  10,  120.  73 
7,988.55 
8,000.00 
17,060.49 

1912  

1913 

1914  . 

1915 

1916  (deficiency,  $10,000)  

1917 

Mesa  Verde: 
1907-8 

82,500.00 

66,  163.  70 

26,599.38 

56,624.29 
(5) 

7,500.00 
7,500.00 
7.500.00 
2,000.00 
20,000.00 
7,500.00 
15.000.00 

7,455.82 
7,348.33 
7,443.09 
947.75 
19,808.63 
7,351.54 
14.956.91 

1909 

1910  

1910-11  (for  examination  of  coal  lands  in  park)  
1911 

100.00 
898.92 
615.21 

1912 

1913... 

1  No  appropriation  made  for  Mount  Rainier  prior  to  1907  fiscal  year. 

2  Expenditure  of  revenues  of  Crater  Lake  and  Mesa  Verde  Parks  for  park  purposes  therein  not  author- 
ized by  existing  statutes  enacted  by  Congress. 

3  No  appropriation  for  Platt  Park  prior  to  1911  fiscal  year.    Land  prior  to  creation  of  park  included  in 
Sulphur  Springs  Reservation. 

4  Construction  sanitary  sewer,  like  amount  being  contributed  by  the  city  of  Sulphur,  Okla.;  $7,380.94 
returned  to  city. 

5  Expenditure  of  revenues  of  Crater  Lake  and  Mesa  Verde  Parks  for  park  purposes  therein  not  authorized 
by  existing  statutes  enacted  by  Congress. 


DEVELOPMENT   OF   THE    NATIONAL  PARKS. 


35 


Statement  of  appropriations  made  for,  and  revenues  received  from,  the  various 
national  parks,  etc. — Continued. 


Name  of  the  national  park. 

Appropriations. 

Revenues. 

Appro- 
priated. 

Ex- 
pended. 

Received. 

Ex- 
pended. 

Mesa  Verde—  Continued. 
1914                                                              

$10,000.00 
10,000.00 
10.000.00 
10,000.00 

$9,880.30 
19,786.05 
9,643.47 

$679.00 
637.42 
946.38 

1915 

1916                                                      

1917 

Glacier: 
1911                                                        

107,000.00 

94,621.89 

14,998.59 
69,117.94 
74,568.24 
99,999.49 
74,994.27 
74,963.78 

3,876.93 

15,000.00 
69,  200.  00 
75,000.00 
100,000.00 
75,000.00 
75,000.00 
110,000.00 

326.  88 
1,490.94 
4,677.14 
4.010.71 
4,218.51 
10,011.76- 

1912 

1913                                                      

$428.84 
477.07 
9,735.44 
844  58 

1914 

1915                   

1916                                                                         .     . 

1917  

Rocky  Mountain: 
1915 

519,  200.  00 

418,642.31 

24,735.94 

11,485.93 

3,000.00 
8,000.08 
10,000.00 

2,910.83 
7,941.56 

(2) 

1916  

501.93 

1917 

Protection  of  national  monument: 
1917         

21,000.00 

10.852.36 

501.93 

3,500.00 

Improvement  of  Mukuntuweap  National  Monument. 
Utah: 
1917  



15,000.00 

Improvement  of  Navajo  National  Monument,  Arizona: 
1917         .     .  . 

3,000.00 

1  $120.30  on  contract  account  construction  ranger  cabin  included  in  this  amount  and  not  yet  paid. 

2  Expenditure  of  revenues  from  Rocky  Mountain  Park  not  authorized  by  existing  statutes  for  park  pur- 

therein. 


Appropriations  for  the  various  national  parks,  for  the  fiscal  years  1907-1917. 

inclusive. 

1907  _  $42,650.00 

1908  68,  365.  00 

1909 74,  050.  00 

1910  73,  550.  00 

1911  151,  485.  00 

1912  173,  650.  00 

1913  244,  925.  00 

1914  302,  490.  00 

1915  283,  590.  00 

1916  252,  550.  00 

1917  _                                                           511,300.00 


Total 2,178,605.00 

Appropriations   for  the  various  national  monuments,   for   the  fiscal  years 
1907-1917,  inclusive. 

1907-1916.  _  None. 

1917    .  $21,500.00 


Total    21,500.00 


36  DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE    NATIONAL   PARKS. 

Total  appropriations  for  the  various  national  parks  and  national  monuments, 
for  the  fiscal  years  1907-1917,  inclusive. 

National  parks $2, 178,  605.  00 

National  monuments—  21,500.00 


Total    2,200,105.00 

NATIONAL  PARK  PUBLICATIONS. 
DISTRIBUTED  BY  THE  SECRETARY  OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

The  following  circulars  may  be  obtained  free  of  charge  from  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. : 

Glimpses  of  our  National  Parks.    40  pages. 

Contains  descriptions  of  the  most  important  features  of  the  principal  national  parks 
and  the  Grand  Canyon  of  the  Colorado. 

The  information  circulars  on  the  parks  listed  below  contain  data 
regarding  hotels,  camps,  and  principal  points  of  interest,  lists  of 
books  and  magazine  articles,  sketch  maps,  and  rules  and  regulations. 

Yellowstone.  Mesa  Verde.  Glacier. 

Yosemite.  Sequoia  and  General  Wind  Cave. 

Mount  Rainier.  Grant.  Casa  Grande  Ruin. 

Crater  Lake.  Hot  Springs.  Rocky  Mountain. 

Automobile  road  and  guide  maps  of  Yellowstone  and  Yosemite 
National  Parks  are  issued  for  free  distribution. 

SOLD  BY  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  DOCUMENTS. 

Remittances  for  publications  listed  below  should  be  by  money 
order,  payable  to  the  Superintendent  of  Documents,  Government 
Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.  C.,  or  in  cash.  Checks  and  postage 
stamps  can  not  be  accepted. 

PAMPHLETS. 

Geological  history  of  Yellowstone  National  Park,  by  Arnold  Hague.  1912. 
24  pages,  including  10  illustrations.  10  cents. 

Contains   a   general    re'sume'   of   the   geologic   forces   that   have   been   active   in   the 
Yellowstone  National   Park. 

Geysers,  by  Walter  Harvey  Weed.  1912.  32  pages,  including  23  illustrations. 
10  cents. . 

In  this  pamphlet  is  a  description  of  the  forces  which  have  produced  the  geysers. 

Fossil  forests  of  Yellowstone  National  Park,  by  F.  H.  Knowlton.  1914.  32 
pages,  including  15  illustrations.  10  cents. 

Contains  descriptions  of  the  fossil  forests  of  the  Yellowstone  National  Park  and  an 
account  of  their  origin. 

Fishes  of  the  Yellowstone  National  Park,  by  W.  C.  Kendall  (Bureau  of  Fish- 
eries Document  818).  1915.  28  pages,  including  17  illustrations.  5  cents. 

Contains  descriptions  of  the  species  and  lists  of  streams  where  found. 

Origin  of  the  scenic  features  of  Glacier  National  Park,  by  M.  It.  Campbell. 
1914.  42  pages,  including  25  illustrations.  15  cents. 

Contains  a  general  account  of  the  forces  that  have  caused  the  development  of  the 
mountain  ranges,  the  valleys,  and  lakes  of  Glacier  National  Park. 

Glaciers  of  Glacier  National  Park,  by  W.  C.  Alden.  1914.  48  pages, 
including  30  illustrations.  15  cents. 

Contains  descriptions  of  the  principal  features  of  the  larger  glaciers  in  the  park. 


DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE   NATIONAL  PARKS.  37 

Some  lakes  of  Glacier  National  Park,  by  M.  J.  Elrocl.  1912.  32  pages,  in- 
cluding 19  illustrations.  10  cents. 

Contains  a  description  of  some  of  the  principal  lakes,  with  special  reference  to  the 
possibility  of  stocking  the  lakes  with  fish. 

Glacier  National  Park — A  popular  guide  to  its  geology  and  scenery,  by  M.  R. 
Campbell  (Bulletin  600,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey).  1914.  54  pages,  13  plates, 
including  map.  30  cents. 

Geological  history  of  Crater  Lake,  by  J.  S.  Diller.  1912.  32  pages,  including 
28  illustrations.  10  cents. 

Contains  an  account  of  the  formation  of  Crater  Lake. 

Forests  of  Crater  Lake  National  Park,  by  J.  F.  Pernot.  1916.  40  pages,  in- 
cluding 26  illustrations.  20  cents. 

Contains  descriptions  of  the  forest  cover  and  of  the  principal  species. 

Features  of  the  flora  of  Mount  Rainier  National  Park,  by  J.  B.  Flett.  1916. 
48  pages,  including  40  illustrations.  25  cents. 

Contains  descriptions  of  the  flowering  trees  and  shrubs  in  the  park. 

Forests  of  Mount  Rainier  National  Park,  by  G.  F.  Allen.  1916.  32  pages,  in- 
cluding 27  illustrations.  20  cents. 

Contains  descriptions  of  the  forest  cover  and  of  the  principal  species. 

Mount  Rainier  and  its  glaciers,  by  F.  E.  Matthes.  1914.  48  pages,  including 
26  illustrations.  15  cents. 

Contains  a  general  account  of  the  glaciers  of  Mount  Rainier,  and  of  the  development 
of  the  valleys  and  basins  surrounding  the  peak. 

Sketch  of  Yosemite  National  Park  and  an  account  of  the  origin  of  Yosemite 
and  Hetch  Hetchy  Valleys,  by  F.  E.  Matthes.  1912.  48  pages,  including  24 
illustrations.  10  cents. 

Contains  a  description  of  the  general  features  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  Yosemite 
National  Park  and  an  account  of  the  origin  of  the  Yosemite  and  Hetch  Hetchy 
Valleys. 

Forests  of  Yosemite,  Sequoia,  and  General  Grant  National  Parks,  by  C.  L. 
Hill.  1916.  40  pages,  including  23  illustrations.  20  cents. 

Contains  descriptions  of  the  forest  cover  and  of  the  principal  species. 

The  secret  of  the  big  trees — Yosemite,  Sequoia,  and  General  Grant  National 
Parks — by  Ellsworth  Huntington.  1913.  24  pages,  including  14  illustrations. 
5  cents. 

Contains  an  account  of  the  climatic  changes  that  are  indicated  by  the  thickness  of 
the  growth  rings  in  the  big  trees,  and  gives  a  comparative  statement  of  the 
climatic  conditions  in  California  and  Asia  during  a  period  of  3,400  years. 

Antiquities  of  the  Mesa  Verde  National  Park:  Spruce  Tree  House,  by  J.  W. 
Fewkes  ( Bull.  41,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology ) .  1909.  58  pages,  21  plates, 
37  text  figures.  40  cents. 

Contains  a  detailed  account  of  the  structure  and  of  the  objects  found  in  it. 

Antiquities  of  Mesa  Verde  National  Park:  Cliff  Palace,  by  J.  W.  Fewkes 
(Bull.  51,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology).  1911.  82  pages,  35  plates,  4  text 
figures.  45  cents. 

Contains  a  detailed  account  of  the  structure  and  of  the  objects  found  in  it. 

Excavation  and  Repair  of  Sun  Temple,  by  J.  W.  Fewkes.  1916.  32  pages, 
including  18  illustrations.  15  cents. 

Contains  an  account  of  a  new  ruin  discovered  in  1915. 

Analyses  of  the  waters  of  the  Hot  Springs  of  Arkansas,  by  J.  K.  Haywood, 
and  geological  sketch  of  Hot  Springs,  Ark.,  by  Walter  Harvey  Webb.  56  pages. 
10  cents. 

Proceedings  of  the  [First]  National  Park  Conference  held  at  Yellowstone 
National  Park,  September  11  and  12,  1911.  210  pages.  15  cents. 

Contains  a  discussion  of  national-parks  problems  by  officers  of  the  Government  and 
other  persons. 

Proceedings  of  the  [Second]  National  Park  Conference  held  at  Yosemite 
National  Park,  October  14,  15,  and  16,  1912.  146  pages.  15  cents. 

Consist  mainly  of  a  discussion  regarding  the  advisability  of  admitting  automobiles 
to  the  national  parks. 


38  DEVELOPMENT   OF   THE   NATIONAL  PARKS. 

Proceedings  of  the  [Third]  National  Park  Conference  held  at  Berkeley,  Cal., 
March  11,  12,  and  13,  1915.  1915.  166  pages.  20  cents. 

Contains  discussions  of  national-park  problems  by  officers  of  the  Government  and 
others. 

PANORAMIC    VIEWS. 

The  panoramic  views  listed  below  are  based  on  accurate  surveys 
and  give  an  excellent  idea  of  the  configuration  of  the  surface  as  it 
would  appear  to  a  person  flying  over  it.  The  meadows  and  valleys 
are  printed  in  light  green,  the  streams  and  lakes  in  light  blue,  the 
cliffs  and  ridges  in  combinations  of  color,  and  the  roads  in  light 
brown.  The  lettering  is  printed  in  light  brown  and  is  easily  read  on 
close  inspection,  but  merges  into  the  other  colors  when  the  sheet  is 
held  at  some  distance. 

Panoramic  view  of  Crater  Lake  National  Park.  16$  x  18  inches,  scale  1  mile 
to  the  inch.  25  cents. 

Panoramic  view  of  Yosemite  National  Park.  18$  x  18  inches,  scale  3  miles  to 
the  inch.  25  cents. 

Panoramic  view  of  Glacier  National  Park.  18$  x  21  inches,  scale  3  miles  to 
the  inch.  25  cents. 

Panoramic  view  of  Mount  Rainier  National  Park.  20  x  19  inches,  scale  1 
mile  to  the  inch.  25  cents. 

Panoramic  view  of  Yellowstone  National  Park.  18  x  21  inches,  scale  3  miles 
to  the  inch.  25  cents. 

Panoramic  view  of  Mesa  Verde  National  Park.  22$  x  19  inches,  scale  three- 
fourths  mile  to  the  inch.  25  cents. 

Panoramic  view  of  Rocky  Mountain  National  Park.  14  x  17$  inches,  scale 
2  miles  to  the  inch.  25  cents. 

MAPS  SOLD  BY  THE    U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

The  maps  listed  below  may  be  purchased  from  the  Director  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C.  Remittances 
should  be  by  money  order  or  in  cash.  Personal  checks  can  not  be 
accepted.  A  discount  of  40  per  cent  is  allowed  on  all  orders  for  maps 
amounting  to  $3  net  or  more. 

Crater  Lake  National  Park,  Oreg.  Limiting  parallels,  42°  48'  and  43°  04'. 
Limiting  meridians,  122°  and  122°  16'.  Size,  19  by  22  inches.  Scale,  1 : 62,500. 
or  about  1  mile  to  1  inch.  Contour  interval,  50  feet.  An  illustrated  description 
of  the  lake  and  the  manner  of  its  formation  is  given  on  the  back  of  the  sheet. 
Price,  10  cents. 

Glacier  National  Park,  Mont.  Limiting  parallels,  48°  14'  36"  and  49°. 
Limiting  meridians,  113°  10'  and  114°  30'.  Size,  31  by  35  inches.  Scale,  1 : 125,- 
000,  or  about  2  miles  to  1  inch.  Contour  interval,  100  feet.  Price,  25  cents. 

Mesa  Verde  National  Park,  Colo.  Limiting  parallels,  37°  09'  18"  and 
37°  21'.  Limiting  meridians,  108°  15'  and  108°  37'  30".  Size,  31  by  46  inches. 
Scale,  1 : 31,250,  or  about  one-half  mile  to  1  inch.  Contour  interval,  25  feet. 
Price,  20  cents. 

Mount  Rainier  National  Park,  Wash.  Limiting  parallels,  46°  43'  43"  and 
47°  00'.  Limiting  meridians,  121°  30'  and  121°  55'.  Size,  22  by  23  inches. 
Scale,  1 : 62,500,  or  about  1  mile  to  1  inch.  Contour  interval,  100  feet.  Price, 
10  cents. 

Yellowstone  National  Park,  Wyo.-Mont.-Idaho.  Limiting  parallels,  44°  08' 
17"  and  45°  01'  55".  Limiting  meridians,  110°  and  111°  05'  53".  Size,  32  by 
36  inches.  Scale,  1 : 125,000,  or  about  2  miles  to  1  inch.  Contour  interval,  100 
feet.  Price,  25  cents. 

Yosemite  National  Park,  Cal.  The  park  limits  established  by  acts  of  Congress 
are  shown  in  colors.  Limiting  parallels,  37°  30'  and  38°  15'  39".  Limiting 
meridians,  119°  and  120°.  Size,  29  by  31  inches.  Scale,  1 : 125,000,  or  about  2 
miles  to  1  inch.  Contour  interval,  100  feet.  Price,  25  cents.  Also  issued  folded 
between  covers ;  price,  40  cents.  The  Yosemite  Valley  is  shown  on  a  larger  scale 
on  the  Yosemite  Valley  map.  See  below. 


DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE    NATIONAL  PARKS.  39 

Some  of  the  national  parks  and  reservations  are  shown  in  whole  or 
in  part  on  the  standard  topographic  maps,  as  indicated  below. 

Casa  Grande  Ruins,  Ariz.  The  northern  part  of  this  area  is  shown  on  the 
Sacaton  map.  Scale,  1 : 62,500,  or  about  1  mile  to  1  inch.  Contour  interval,  50 
feet.  Price,  10  cents. 

General  Grant  National  Park,  Cal.  Shown  on  the  Tehipite  map.  Scale, 
1 : 125,000,  or  about  2  miles  to  1  inch.  Contour  interval,  100  feet.  Price,  10 
cents. 

Hot  Springs  Reservation,  Ark.  Shown  on  the  map  of  Hot  Springs  and 
vicinity.  Scale,  1 : 62,500,  or  about  1  mile  to  1  inch.  Contour  level,  20  feet. 
Price,  10  cents. 

Platt  National  Park,  Okla.  This  park  is  at  the  town  of  Sulphur,  Murray 
County,  which  is  shown  on  the  Stonewall  map.  Scale,  1 : 125,000,  or  about  2 
miles  to  1  inch.  Contour  interval,  50  feet.  Price,  10  cents. 

Rocky  Mountain  National  Park,  Colo.  The  greater  portion  of  this  park  is 
shown  on  the  Longs  Peak  map.  Scale,  1 : 125,000,  or  about  2  miles  to  1  inch. 
Contour  interval,  50  feet.  Price,  10  cents. 

Sequoia  National  Park,  Cal.  Shown  on  the  Kaweah  and  Tehipite  maps. 
Scale,  1 : 125,000,  or  about  2  miles  to  1  inch.  Contour  interval,  100  feet.  Price 
of  each  map,  10  cents. 

Wind  Cave  National  Park,  S.  Dak.  Shown  on  the  Harney  Peak  and  Hermosa 
maps.  Scale,  1 : 125,000,  or  about  2  miles  to  1  inch.  Contour  interval,  100  feet. 
Price  of  each  map,  10  cents. 

Yosemite  Valley,  Cal.  Shown  on  the  Yosemite  Valley  map.  Limiting  paral- 
lels, 37°  42'  and  37°  47'  05".  Limiting  meridians,  119°  30'  and  119°  43'  40". 
Scale,  1 : 24,000,  or  about  2$  inches  to  1  mile.  Contour  interval,  50  feet.  Price, 
10  cents. 

o 


